Ch 19 respirtory system Flashcards
1
Q
nasal cavity is
A
a hollow space behind the nose. It is divided medially into right & left portions by the nasal septum.
2
Q
The respiratory system consists of
A
The respiratory system consists of passages that filter incoming air and transport it to the body, into the lungs, and to the many microscopic air sacs where gases are exchanged
3
Q
Respiration is
A
Respiration is the entire process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells.
4
Q
Respiration consists of
A
Respiration consists of ventilation, external respiration, transport of gases by the blood between lungs and body cells, internal respiration, and cellular respiration.
5
Q
Ventilation is
A
Ventilation is the movement of air in and out of the lungs
6
Q
External respiration is
A
External respiration is the exchange of gases between the air in the lungs and the blood.
7
Q
Internal respiration is
A
Internal respiration is the exchange of gases between the blood and the body cells.
8
Q
Cellular respiration is
A
Cellular respiration is oxygen utilization and production of carbon dioxide in body cells.
9
Q
Respiration enables cells to
A
Respiration enables cells to harness the energy held in chemical bonds of nutrient molecules.
10
Q
Without oxygen as a final electron acceptor, much energy
A
Without oxygen as a final electron acceptor, much energy remains locked in nutrients.
11
Q
A metabolic waste of respiration is
A
A metabolic waste of respiration is carbon dioxide.
12
Q
Carbon dioxide, when it reacts with water, forms_____ which
contributes to the pH of _________.
A
Carbon dioxide, when it reacts with water, forms carbonic acid which contributes to the pH of blood.
13
Q
Too much carbon dioxide will lower
A
Too much carbon dioxide will lower blood pH.
14
Q
______________explains
why we must obtain oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide.
A
Cellular respiration and control of blood pH explain why we must obtain oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide.
15
Q
The upper respiratory tract includes
A
The upper respiratory tract includes nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, and pharynx.
16
Q
The lower respiratory tract includes
A
The lower respiratory tract includes larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs.
17
Q
The nose is supported internally by
A
The nose is supported internally by muscle, bone, and cartilage.
18
Q
Nostrils are
A
Nostrils (external nares) are openings through which air can enter and leave the nasal cavity.
19
Q
Internal hairs of nostrils prevent
A
Internal hairs of nostrils prevent entry of large particles carried in air.
20
Q
The nasal cavity is
A
The nasal cavity is a hollow space behind the nose.
21
Q
The nasal septum is
A
The nasal septum is a structure that divides the nasal cavity into left and right halves.
22
Q
The nasal cavity is separated from the cranial cavity by________and from the oral cavity by________.
A
The nasal cavity is separated from the cranial cavity by the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone and from the oral cavity by the hard palate.
23
Q
Nasal conchae are located _______ and
divides the nasal cavity into ________.
A
Nasal conchae are located on the lateral walls of the nasal cavity and divide the nasal cavity into superior, inferior, and middle meatuses.
24
Q
Nasal conchae function to
A
Nasal conchae function to support the mucous membranes that line the nasal cavity and to increase the surface area of the nasal cavity.
25
The lining of the upper portion of the nasal cavity contains
The lining of the upper portion of the nasal cavity contains olfactory receptors.
26
Most of the nasal cavity conducts air
Most of the nasal cavity conducts air to and from the nasopharynx.
27
The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity contains
The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity contains pseudostratified ciliated epithelium that is rich in mucous-secreting goblet cells.
28
The functions of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity are
The functions of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity are to warm the air, to moisten the air, and to trap small particles entering the nasal cavity.
29
Cilia of the nasal cavity function to
Cilia of the nasal cavity function to move mucous and any entrapped particles toward the pharynx.
30
Sinuses are_______ located within the______
Sinuses are air-filled spaces located within the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones of the skull.
31
The functions of sinuses are
The functions of sinuses are to reduce the weight of the skull and to serve as resonant chambers that affect the quality of the voice.
32
The pharynx is located
The pharynx is located posterior to the oral cavity and between the nasal cavity and the larynx.
33
Functions of the pharynx are
Functions of the pharynx are to move food into the esophagus, to move air into the larynx, and to aid in the production of sound.
34
The larynx is
The larynx is an enlargement in the airway superior to the trachea and inferior to the pharynx.
35
The functions of the larynx are
The functions of the larynx are to move air into the trachea, prevent foreign objects from entering the trachea, and to house vocal cords.
36
The larynx is composed of
The larynx is composed of a framework of muscles and cartilages bound by elastic tissue.
37
The cartilages of the larynx are
The cartilages of the larynx are thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottic, arytenoid, cuneiform, and corniculate.
38
The thyroid cartilage is located
The thyroid cartilage is located just superior to the thyroid gland.
39
The cricoid cartilage is located
The cricoid cartilage is located inferior to the thyroid cartilage.
40
The epiglottic cartilage is located
The epiglottic cartilage is located attached to the upper border of the thyroid cartilage.
41
The epiglottis is
The epiglottis is a flaplike structure supported by the epiglottic cartilage that is made of elastic cartilage.
42
The functions of the epiglottis are
The functions of the epiglottis are to prevent foods and liquids from entering the air passages and to allow air to pass into the trachea.
43
The arytenoid cartilages are located
The arytenoid cartilages are located superior to and on either side of the cricoid cartilage.
44
The corniculate cartilages are located
The corniculate cartilages are attached to the tips of the arytenoid cartilages.
45
The arytenoids and corniculate cartilages are attachment sites
for
The arytenoids and corniculate cartilages are attachments sites for muscles that help regulate tension on the vocal cords during speech and aid in closing the larynx during swallowing.
46
The cuneiform cartilages are located __________
| and function to ___________
The cuneiform cartilages are located between the epiglottic and arytenoid cartilages and function to stiffen soft tissue in this region.
47
False vocal cords are located ________ and
are composed of
__________
False vocal cords are located inside the larynx and are composed of muscle tissue and connective tissue with a covering of mucous membrane.
48
The function of the false vocal cords is
The function of the false vocal cords is to help close the larynx during swallowing.
49
The true vocal cords are located _______ and
| are composed of __________
The true vocal cords are located inferior to the false vocal cords and are composed of elastic fibers.
50
The functions of the true vocal cords are
The functions of the true vocal cords are to produce sounds of speech.
51
A higher pitch of the voice is produced by _________
| and a lower pitch is produced by___________
A higher pitch of the voice is produced by increasing tension on true vocal cords and a lower pitch is produced by decreasing the tension on the cords.
52
The loudness of a vocal sound depends on
The loudness of a vocal sound depends on upon the force of air passing over the vocal cords.
53
The glottis is
The glottis is the opening between vocal cords.
54
The mucous membrane that lines the larynx continues to filter incoming air by
The mucous membrane that lines the larynx continues to filter incoming air by entrapping particles and moving them toward the pharynx by ciliary action.
55
The trachea is _______ and
| is located_________
The trachea is a flexible cylindrical tube and is located anterior to the esophagus in the thoracic cavity.
56
The trachea splits into
The trachea splits into right and left bronchi at the carina.
57
The inner wall of the trachea is lined with
The inner wall of the trachea is lined with a ciliated mucous membrane that contains many goblet cells.
58
The mucous membrane of the trachea functions to
The mucous membrane of the trachea functions to filter incoming air and to move entrapped particles upward into the pharynx where the mucous can be swallowed.
59
The wall of the trachea is composed of
The wall of the trachea is composed of C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage, smooth muscle, and connective tissues.
60
The cartilaginous rings of the trachea prevent
The cartilaginous rings of the trachea prevent the trachea from collapsing and blocking the airway.
61
The soft tissues that complete the rings in the back of the
| trachea allow
The soft tissues that complete the rings in the back of the trachea allow the esophagus to expand anteriorly as food moves through it on the way to the stomach.
62
A blocked trachea causes
A blocked trachea causes asphyxiation.
63
A tracheostomy is
A tracheostomy is the production of a temporary hole in the trachea.
64
The bronchial tree consists of
The bronchial tree consists of branched airways leading from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs in the lungs.
65
Primary bronchi are
Primary bronchi are the first branches of the trachea.
66
The carina is
The carina is a ridge of cartilage that separates the primary bronchi.
67
Each bronchus, accompanied by______ ,
| enters its respective lung.
Each bronchus, accompanied by blood vessels and nerves, enters its respective right or left lung.
68
Primary bronchi branch into
Primary bronchi branch into secondary bronchi.
69
Secondary bronchi branch into
Secondary bronchi branch into tertiary bronchi.
70
Tertiary bronchi branch into
Tertiary bronchi branch into intralobular bronchioles.
71
A bronchopulmonary segment is
A bronchopulmonary segment is a portion of a lung supported by a tertiary segment.
72
Intralobular bronchioles branch into
Intralobular bronchioles branch into terminal bronchioles.
73
Terminal bronchioles branch into
Terminal bronchioles branch into respiratory bronchioles.
74
Respiratory bronchioles branch into
Respiratory bronchioles branch into alveolar ducts.
75
Alveolar ducts give rise to
Alveolar ducts give rise to alveolar sacs.
76
Alveolar sacs are
Alveolar sacs are thin-walled, closely packed outpouchings of the alveolar ducts.
77
Alveoli are
Alveoli are thin-walled, microscopic air sacs that open to an alveolar sac.
78
The structure of a bronchus is similar to that of the
| trachea except
The structure of a bronchus is similar to that of the trachea except the C-shaped cartilaginous rings are replaced with cartilaginous plates where the bronchus enters the lung.
79
Finer branches of the respiratory tree have decreased amounts of
__________________ and increased amounts of ____________
Finer branches of the respiratory tree have decreased amounts of cartilage and increased amounts of smooth muscle.
80
_________ fibers are scattered throughout the lungs
Elastic fibers are scattered throughout the lungs.
81
Other changes in the tubes of the respiratory tree as they get smaller are
Other changes in the tubes of the respiratory tree as they get smaller are the changes in cells types that line the airways.
82
The branches of the bronchial tree function to
. The branches of the bronchial tree function to filter incoming air and distribute it to the alveoli in all parts of the lungs.
83
The alveoli function to
The alveoli function to provide a large surface area of thin epithelial cells through which gas exchange can occur.
84
The lungs are _____________ shaped and located__________ .
The lungs are cone shaped and located in the thoracic cavity.
85
The right and left lungs are separated by
| ______________ and enclosed by_________ .
The right and left lungs are separated by the heart and the mediastinum and enclosed by the diaphragm and thoracic cage.
86
Tubular structures enter the lung on__________ through a region called________
.
Tubular structures enter the lung on its medial surface through a region called the hilum.
87
Visceral pleura are
Visceral pleura are serous membranes attached to the surfaces of the lungs.
88
Parietal pleura are
Parietal pleura are serous membranes that line the thoracic cavity.
89
The pleural cavity is
The pleural cavity is the potential space between the visceral pleura and parietal pleura.
90
The functions of serous fluid in the pleural cavity are
The functions of serous fluid in the pleural cavity are to lubricate serous membranes, reduce friction during lung movements, and hold pleural membranes together.
91
The lobes of the right lung are
The lobes of the right lung are superior, middle, and inferior.
92
The lobes of the left lung are
The lobes of the left lung are superior and inferior.
93
Lobules of the lungs are
Lobules of the lungs are divisions of lung lobes.
94
Breathing or ventilation is
Breathing or ventilation is the movement of air from outside the body into the bronchial tree and alveoli, followed by a reversal of this air movement.
95
Inspiration is
Inspiration is inhalation.
96
Expiration is
Expiration is exhalation.
97
The force that moves air into the lungs is
The force that moves air into the lungs is atmospheric pressure.
98
If the pressure inside the lungs and alveoli decreases, outside
air will
If the pressure inside the lungs and alveoli decreases, outside air will flow into the airways.
99
The diaphragm is located______and is composed of_______
The diaphragm is located just inferior to the lungs and is composed of skeletal muscle.
100
The nerves that stimulate the diaphragm are
The nerves that stimulate the diaphragm are the phrenic nerves.
101
When the diaphragm contracts it moves_______ and
| the thoracic cavity _________.
When the diaphragm contracts it moves inferiorly and the thoracic cavity enlarges.
102
When the thoracic cavity enlarges, the intra-alveolar pressure
When the thoracic cavity enlarges, the intra-alveolar pressure decreases.
103
The action of external intercostal muscles is_____________________ which_________the size of
the thoracic cavity.
The action of external intercostal muscles is to raise the ribs and elevate the sternum, which increases the size of the thoracic cavity.
104
When intra-alveolar pressure falls, air is
When intra-alveolar pressure falls, air is moved into the airways.
105
When intercostal muscles move the thoracic wall upward and outward, the ______________________ and ____________move.
When intercostal muscles move the thoracic wall upward and outward, the parietal pleura and visceral pleura move.
106
Movement of the parietal and visceral pleura upward and outward expands
Movement of the parietal and visceral pleura upward and outward expands the lungs in all directions.
107
Surface tension is
Surface tension is the attraction of certain molecules to each other.
108
Surfactant is located_______and
| functions to__________.
Surfactant is located in alveolar spaces and functions to reduce the alveoli’s tendency to collapse.
109
If a person needs to take a deeper than normal breath, the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
If a person needs to take a deeper than normal breath, the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles may contract to a greater extent.
110
Other muscles that can be used to enlarge the thoracic cavity
are
Other muscles that can be used to enlarge the thoracic cavity are the pectoralis minor and sternocleidomastoid
111
Compliance is
Compliance is the ease at which the lungs can expand as a result of pressure changes occurring during breathing.
112
In a normal lung, compliance _________as lung volume
| increases because_________
In a normal lung, compliance decreases as lung volume increases because an inflated lung is more difficult to expand that a lung at rest.
113
Factors that lead to a decrease in lung compliance are
Factors that lead to a decrease in lung compliance are conditions that obstruct air passages, destroy lung tissue, or impede lung expansion in other ways.
114
forces responsible for normal expiration come from
The forces responsible for normal expiration come from elastic recoil of lung tissues and from surface tension.
115
As the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax, the elastic tissues cause the lungs to
As the diaphragm and external intercostals muscles relax, the elastic tissues cause the lungs to recoil.
116
Air is forced out of respiratory passageways because
Air is forced out of respiratory passageways because intra-alveolar pressure rises above atmospheric pressure.
117
Muscles that aid in a more forceful exhalation than normal are
. Muscles that aid in a more forceful exhalation than normal are internal intercostal muscles and abdominal wall muscles.
118
Spirometry is
Spirometry is the measure of air volumes.
119
A respiratory cycle is
A respiratory cycle is one inspiration plus the following expiration.
120
Tidal volume is
Tidal volume is the amount of air that enters of leaves during a respiratory cycle.
121
Inspiratory reserve volume is
. Inspiratory reserve volume is the additional quantity of air, after the resting tidal volume that can enter the lungs.
122
Expiratory reserve volume is
. Expiratory reserve volume is the additional quantity of air that can exit the lungs after a resting tidal volume.
123
Residual volume is
Residual volume is the amount of air that remains in the lungs after a forceful expiration.
124
Vital capacity is
Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after taking the deepest breath possible.
125
Inspiratory capacity is
Inspiratory capacity is the maximum volume of air that can be inhaled following exhalation of tidal volume.
126
Functional residual capacity is
Functional residual capacity is volume of air that remains in the lungs following exhalation of tidal volume.
127
Total lung capacity is
Total lung capacity is total volume of air that the lungs can hold.
128
Anatomic dead space is
Anatomic dead space is the space in airways.
129
Alveolar dead space is
Alveolar dead space is space in alveoli that do not carry out gas exchange due to poor blood flow.
130
Physiologic dead space is
Physiologic dead space is anatomical dead space plus alveolar dead space.
131
A spirometer measures
A spirometer measures respiratory air volumes.
132
Respiratory volumes and capacities are used to evaluate
Respiratory volumes and capacities are used to evaluate the course of respiratory illnesses.
133
Minute ventilation is ________ and equals ________.
Minute ventilation is the amount of new atmospheric air that is moved into the respiratory passages each minute and equals the tidal volume multiplied by the breathing rate.
134
The volume of air that reaches alveoli is calculated by
The volume of air that reaches alveoli is calculated by subtracting the physiologic dead space from the tidal volume.
135
Alveolar ventilation rate is ___________ and
is a major factor affecting
_________.
Alveolar ventilation rate is the volume of air that reaches alveoli multiplied by breathing rate and is a major factor affecting the concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide in alveoli.
136
Nonrespiratory air movements are
Nonrespiratory air movements are air movements that occur in addition to breathing.
137
Examples of nonrespiratory air movements are
Examples of nonrespiratory air movements are coughing, sneezing, crying, and laughing.
138
Nonrespiratory air movements usually result from
Nonrespiratory air movements usually result from reflexes.
139
Coughing involves
Coughing involves taking a deep breath, closing the glottis, and forcing air upward from the lungs against the closure. Then the glottis is suddenly opened, and a blast of air is forced upward from the lower respiratory tract.
140
The function of a sneeze is
The function of a sneeze is to clear the upper respiratory passages.
141
Laughing involves
Laughing involves taking a deep breath and releasing it in a series of short expirations.
142
A hiccup is caused by
A hiccup is caused by sudden inspiration due to a spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm while the glottis is closed.
143
The function of a yawn may be
The function of a yawn may be rooted in primitive brainstem mechanisms that maintain alertness. Yawns serve to ventilate the alveoli.
144
The respiratory center is
The respiratory center is composed of groups of neurons in the brainstem which control breathing.
145
The functions of the respiratory center are
The functions of the respiratory center are to cause inhalation and exhalation and to adjust the rate and depth of breathing.
146
The components for the respiratory center are located
The components for the respiratory center are located widely scattered throughout the pons and medulla oblongata.
147
The medullary rhythmicity includes
The medullary rhythmicity area includes two groups of neurons that extend throughout the length of the medulla oblongata.
148
The dorsal respiratory group is important in
The dorsal respiratory group is important in stimulating the muscles of inspiration.
149
The ventral respiratory group is comprised of _________
| that control ________.
The ventral respiratory group is comprised of neurons that control other respiratory muscles.
150
Neurons of the pneumotaxic and apneustic center work
| together to
Neurons of the pneumotaxic and apneustic center work together to inhibit inspiratory commands for the medulla and may contribute to the basic rhythm of breathing.
151
Partial pressure of a gas is
Partial pressure of a gas is amount of pressure each gas contributes.
152
Changes in blood pH are detected by
Changes in blood pH are detected by central chemoreceptors.
153
When carbon dioxide diffuses into the _________________________ it combines with__________________________
to form____________ in blood.
When carbon dioxide diffuses into the brain, it combines with water to form carbonic acid.
154
High concentrations of hydrogen ions in blood or cerebrospinal fluid are detected by
High concentrations of hydrogen ions in blood or cerebrospinal fluid are detected by central chemoreceptors.
155
In response to high hydrogen ion levels, the respiratory center triggers ________ in alveolar ventilation, which decreases ____________in blood.
In response to high hydrogen ion levels, the respiratory center triggers an increase in alveolar ventilation, which decreases hydrogen ions in blood.
156
Low concentrations of oxygen in blood are detected by
Low concentrations of oxygen in blood are detected by peripheral chemoreceptors.
157
When blood levels of oxygen are low, ventilation _______ and
| the concentration of oxygen in blood __________.
When blood levels of oxygen are low, ventilation increases and the concentration of oxygen in blood increases.
158
The inflation reflex helps regulate
The inflation reflex helps regulate the depth of breathing.
159
The inflation reflex occurs when
The inflation reflex occurs when stretch receptors in the visceral pleura, bronchioles, and alveoli are stimulated as lung tissues are stretched.
160
The inflation reflects prevents
The inflation reflex prevents overinflation of the lungs.
161
Hyperventilation is ________and
| it lowers_________ .
Hyperventilation is rapid and deep breathing, and it lowers the blood concentration of carbon dioxide.
162
Alveoli are
Alveoli are microscopic air sacs clustered at the distal ends of the finest respiratory tubes.
163
An alveolus consists of
An alveolus consists of a tiny space surrounded by a thin wall that separates it from adjacent alveoli.
164
Alveolar pores are
Alveolar pores are tiny openings in the walls of some alveoli.
165
```
Alveolar macrophages are ________ and
function to _______.
```
Alveolar macrophages are phagocytic cells and function to destroy airborne agents that reach alveoli.
166
The respiratory membrane is composed of
The respiratory membrane is composed of two layers of epithelial cells and two basement membranes.
167
The respiratory membrane is the site of
The respiratory membrane is the site of gas exchange between alveolar air and the blood.
168
Molecules diffuse from
Molecules diffuse from regions where they are in higher concentration toward regions where they are in lower concentration.
169
Carbon dioxide diffuses from blood in pulmonary capillaries to alveolar air because
Carbon dioxide diffuses from blood in pulmonary capillaries to alveolar air because the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is higher in the blood of pulmonary capillaries than in alveolar air.
170
Oxygen diffuses from alveolar air to blood in pulmonary capillaries because
Oxygen diffuses from alveolar air to blood in pulmonary capillaries because the partial pressure of oxygen is higher in alveolar air than in the blood of pulmonary capillaries.
171
Factors that affect diffusion across the respiratory membrane are
Factors that affect diffusion across the respiratory membrane are surface area, distance, solubility of gases, partial pressure gradients, and diseases.
172
Diseases that harm respiratory membranes are
Diseases that harm respiratory membranes are pneumonia and emphysema.
173
Breath analysis can detect alcohol in the blood because
Breath analysis can detect alcohol in the blood because the respiratory membrane is so thin that alcohol can diffuse into alveolar air and be exhaled.
174
The blood transports oxygen and carbon dioxide between
The blood transports oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the body cells.
175
As oxygen and carbon dioxide enter blood, they
As oxygen and carbon dioxide enter blood, they dissolve in plasma or combine chemically with other atoms or molecules.
176
Almost all the oxygen carried in blood is bound to
Almost all the oxygen carried in blood is bound to hemoglobin.
177
A small amount of oxygen is carried in blood dissolved
A small amount of oxygen is carried in blood dissolved in plasma.
178
Hemoglobin consists of
Hemoglobin consists of two types of components called heme and globin.
179
Each heme group contains an
Each heme group contains an atom of iron.
180
Oxyhemoglobin is
Oxyhemoglobin is the combination of oxygen and hemoglobin.
181
Factors that promote the release of oxygen from hemoglobin are
Factors that promote the release of oxygen from hemoglobin are a decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen, increasing blood concentrations of carbon dioxide, acidity, and increased temperatures.
182
Blood flowing through capillaries gains carbon dioxide because
Blood flowing through capillaries gain carbon dioxide because the tissues have a high partial pressure of carbon dioxide.
183
Carbon dioxide is transported to lungs in one of the following three forms:
Carbon dioxide is transported to lungs in one of the following three forms: bound to hemoglobin, dissolved in plasma, or as bicarbonate ions.
184
Hemoglobin can carry oxygen and carbon dioxide at the same time because
Hemoglobin can carry oxygen and carbon dioxide at the same time because they bind at different sites on hemoglobin.
185
Carbaminohemoglobin is
Carbaminohemoglobin is the combination of carbon dioxide and hemoglobin.
186
The most important carbon dioxide transport mechanism involves
The most important carbon dioxide transport mechanism involves the formation of bicarbonate ions.
187
Carbon dioxide forms ______ when it reacts with water.
Carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid when it reacts with water.
188
Carbonic anhydrase is _______ and is located ________.
Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme that speeds up the reaction between carbon dioxide and water and is located inside red blood cells.
189
Carbonic acid dissociates into
Carbonic acid dissociates into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions.
190
The chloride shift is ______ and
| functions to _________.
The chloride shift is the exchange of chloride ions and bicarbonate ions across the red blood cell membrane and functions to maintain the ionic balance between the red blood cells and the plasma.
191
When blood reaches the pulmonary capillaries,
| _____________________ recombine to form________.
When blood reaches the pulmonary capillaries, hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions recombine to form carbonic acid.
192
In the pulmonary capillaries, carbonic acid becomes
In the pulmonary capillaries, carbonic acid becomes carbon dioxide and water.
193
In the lungs, carbon dioxide diffuses
In the lungs, carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood until equilibrium is established between the partial pressure of carbon dioxide of the blood and that of the alveolar air.
