ch 19 glossary Flashcards
acute lung injury
an umbrella term for hypoxemic respiratory failure; equivalent to mild acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS0
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
nonspecific pulmonary response to a variety of pulmonary and non pulmonary insults to try lung; characterized by interstitial infiltrates, alveolar hemorrhage, atelectasis, refractory hypoxemia, and with the exception some patients with covid and ARDS, decreased compliance
airway pressure release ventilation (APRV)
mode of mechanical ventilation that allows unrestricted, spontaneous breaths throughout the ventilatory cycle; on inspiration the patient receives a preset level of continuous positive airway pressure, and pressure is periodically released to aid expiration
aspiration
inhalation of either oropharyngeal or gastric contents into the lower airways
atelectasis
collapse or airless condition of the alveoli caused by hypoventilation, obstruction to the airways, or compression
bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP)
noninvasive spontaneous breath mode of mechanical ventilation that allows for the separate control of inspiratory and expiratory pressures, given via a mask
central cyanosis
bluish discoloration of the skin or mucous membranes due to hemoglobin carry reduced amounts of oxygen
chest drainage system
the use of a chest tube and closed drainage system to re-expand the lung and to removes excess air, fluid, or blood
consolidation
lung tissue that has become more solid in nature due to collapse of alveoli or infection process (pneumonia)
continuous mandatory (volume or pressure) ventilation (CMV)
also referred to as assist-control (AC) ventilation; mode of mechanical ventilation in which the patient’s breathing pattern may trigger the ventilator to deliver a preset tidal volume or set pressure; in the absence of spontaneous breathing, the machine delivers a controlled breathing at a preset minimum rate and tidal volume or set pressure.
continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
positive pressure applied throughout the respiratory cycle to a spontaneously breathing patient to promote alveolar and airway stability and increase functional residual capacity; may be given with endotracheal or tracheostomy tube or by mask
core pulmonale
“heart of the lungs: ; enlargement of the right ventricle from hypertrophy or dilation or as a secondary response to disorders that affect the lungs
empyema
accumulation of purulent material in the pleural space
endotracheal intubation
insertion of a breathing tube (type of artificial airway) through the nose or mouth into the trachea ; fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2): concentration of oxygen delivered (e.g., 1.0 = 100% oxygen)
hemoptysis
the coughing up of blood from the lower respiratory tract
hemothorax
partial or complete collapse of the lung due to blood accumulating in the pleural space; may occur after surgery or trauma
hypoxemia
decrease in oxygen tension in the arterial blood
hypoxia
decrease in oxygen tension in the arterial blood
incentive spirometry
method of deep breathing that provides visual feedback to help the patient inhale deeply and slowly to achieve maximum lung function
induration
an abnormally hard lesion or reaction, as in a positive tuberlin skin test
intermittent mandatory (volume or pressure) ventilation (IMV)
mode of mechanical ventilation that provides a combination of mechanically assisted breaths at a preset volume or pressure and rate and spontaneous breaths
mechanical ventilator
a positive or negative pressure breathing device that supports ventilation and oxygenation
orthopnea
shortness of breath when reclining or in supine position
pleural effusion
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space
pleural friction rub
localized grating or creaking sound caused by the rubbing together of inflamed parental and visceral pleurae ; a potential space
pneumothorax
partial or complete collapse of the lung due to positive pressure in the pleural space
positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)
positive pressure maintained at the end of exhalation (instead of a normal zero pressure) to increase functional residual capacity and open collapsed alveoli
pressure support ventilation (PSV)
mode of mechanical ventilation in which preset positive pressure is delivered with spontaneous breaths to decrease work of breathing
proportional assist ventilation (PAV)
mode of mechanical ventilation that provides partial ventilatory support in proportion to the patient’s inspiratory efforts; decreases the work of breathing
purulent
consisting of, containing, or discharging pus
respiratory weaning
process of gradual, systematic withdrawal or removal of ventilator, breathing tube, and oxygen
restrictive lung disease
disease of the lung that causes a decrease in lung volumes
synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV)
mode of mechanical ventilation in which the ventilator allows the patient to breathe spontaneously while providing a preset number of breaths to ensure adequate ventilation; ventilated breaths are synchronized with spontaneous breathing
tension pneumothorax
pneumothorax characterized by increasing positive pressure in the pleural space with each breath; this is an emergency situation, and the positive pressure needs to be decompressed or released immediately
thoracentesis
insertion for a needle or catheter into the pleural space to remove fluid that has accumulated and decrease pressure on the lung tissue; may also be used diagnostically to identify potential causes of a pleural effusion
thoracotomy
surgical opening into the chest cavity
tidal volume
volume of air insured and expired with each breath
tracheostonomy tube
indwelling tube inserted directly into the trachea to assist with ventilation
transbronchial
through the bronchial wall, as in a tranbronchial lung biopsy
