ch 19 glossary

Question 1

acute lung injury

Answer 1

an umbrella term for hypoxemic respiratory failure; equivalent to mild acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS0

Question 2

acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

Answer 2

nonspecific pulmonary response to a variety of pulmonary and non pulmonary insults to try lung; characterized by interstitial infiltrates, alveolar hemorrhage, atelectasis, refractory hypoxemia, and with the exception some patients with covid and ARDS, decreased compliance

Question 3

airway pressure release ventilation (APRV)

Answer 3

mode of mechanical ventilation that allows unrestricted, spontaneous breaths throughout the ventilatory cycle; on inspiration the patient receives a preset level of continuous positive airway pressure, and pressure is periodically released to aid expiration

Question 4

aspiration

Answer 4

inhalation of either oropharyngeal or gastric contents into the lower airways

Question 5

atelectasis

Answer 5

collapse or airless condition of the alveoli caused by hypoventilation, obstruction to the airways, or compression

Question 6

bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP)

Answer 6

noninvasive spontaneous breath mode of mechanical ventilation that allows for the separate control of inspiratory and expiratory pressures, given via a mask

Question 7

central cyanosis

Answer 7

bluish discoloration of the skin or mucous membranes due to hemoglobin carry reduced amounts of oxygen

Question 8

chest drainage system

Answer 8

the use of a chest tube and closed drainage system to re-expand the lung and to removes excess air, fluid, or blood

Question 9

consolidation

Answer 9

lung tissue that has become more solid in nature due to collapse of alveoli or infection process (pneumonia)

Question 10

continuous mandatory (volume or pressure) ventilation (CMV)

Answer 10

also referred to as assist-control (AC) ventilation; mode of mechanical ventilation in which the patient’s breathing pattern may trigger the ventilator to deliver a preset tidal volume or set pressure; in the absence of spontaneous breathing, the machine delivers a controlled breathing at a preset minimum rate and tidal volume or set pressure.

Question 11

continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

Answer 11

positive pressure applied throughout the respiratory cycle to a spontaneously breathing patient to promote alveolar and airway stability and increase functional residual capacity; may be given with endotracheal or tracheostomy tube or by mask

Question 12

core pulmonale

Answer 12

“heart of the lungs: ; enlargement of the right ventricle from hypertrophy or dilation or as a secondary response to disorders that affect the lungs

Question 13

empyema

Answer 13

accumulation of purulent material in the pleural space

Question 14

endotracheal intubation

Answer 14

insertion of a breathing tube (type of artificial airway) through the nose or mouth into the trachea ; fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2): concentration of oxygen delivered (e.g., 1.0 = 100% oxygen)

Question 15

hemoptysis

Answer 15

the coughing up of blood from the lower respiratory tract

Question 16

hemothorax

Answer 16

partial or complete collapse of the lung due to blood accumulating in the pleural space; may occur after surgery or trauma

Question 17

hypoxemia

Answer 17

decrease in oxygen tension in the arterial blood

Question 18

hypoxia

Answer 18

decrease in oxygen tension in the arterial blood

Question 19

incentive spirometry

Answer 19

method of deep breathing that provides visual feedback to help the patient inhale deeply and slowly to achieve maximum lung function

Question 20

induration

Answer 20

an abnormally hard lesion or reaction, as in a positive tuberlin skin test

Question 21

intermittent mandatory (volume or pressure) ventilation (IMV)

Answer 21

mode of mechanical ventilation that provides a combination of mechanically assisted breaths at a preset volume or pressure and rate and spontaneous breaths

Question 22

mechanical ventilator

Answer 22

a positive or negative pressure breathing device that supports ventilation and oxygenation

Question 23

orthopnea

Answer 23

shortness of breath when reclining or in supine position

Question 24

pleural effusion

Answer 24

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space

Question 25

pleural friction rub

Answer 25

localized grating or creaking sound caused by the rubbing together of inflamed parental and visceral pleurae ; a potential space

Question 26

pneumothorax

Answer 26

partial or complete collapse of the lung due to positive pressure in the pleural space

Question 27

positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)

Answer 27

positive pressure maintained at the end of exhalation (instead of a normal zero pressure) to increase functional residual capacity and open collapsed alveoli

Question 28

pressure support ventilation (PSV)

Answer 28

mode of mechanical ventilation in which preset positive pressure is delivered with spontaneous breaths to decrease work of breathing

Question 29

proportional assist ventilation (PAV)

Answer 29

mode of mechanical ventilation that provides partial ventilatory support in proportion to the patient’s inspiratory efforts; decreases the work of breathing

Question 30

purulent

Answer 30

consisting of, containing, or discharging pus

Question 31

respiratory weaning

Answer 31

process of gradual, systematic withdrawal or removal of ventilator, breathing tube, and oxygen

Question 32

restrictive lung disease

Answer 32

disease of the lung that causes a decrease in lung volumes

Question 33

synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV)

Answer 33

mode of mechanical ventilation in which the ventilator allows the patient to breathe spontaneously while providing a preset number of breaths to ensure adequate ventilation; ventilated breaths are synchronized with spontaneous breathing

Question 34

tension pneumothorax

Answer 34

pneumothorax characterized by increasing positive pressure in the pleural space with each breath; this is an emergency situation, and the positive pressure needs to be decompressed or released immediately

Question 35

thoracentesis

Answer 35

insertion for a needle or catheter into the pleural space to remove fluid that has accumulated and decrease pressure on the lung tissue; may also be used diagnostically to identify potential causes of a pleural effusion

Question 36

thoracotomy

Answer 36

surgical opening into the chest cavity

Question 37

tidal volume

Answer 37

volume of air insured and expired with each breath

Question 38

tracheostonomy tube

Answer 38

indwelling tube inserted directly into the trachea to assist with ventilation

Question 39

transbronchial

Answer 39

through the bronchial wall, as in a tranbronchial lung biopsy