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BIOL 224 Lecture > CH 19 - Blood > Flashcards

CH 19 - Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 functions of blood?

A 
Transport gases, nutrients, wastes
Transport processed molecules
Transport regulatory molecules
Regulate pH and osmosis
Maintain body temperature
Protect against foreign substances
Clot formation
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2
Q

Blood

A

Connective tissue with liquid matrix containing cells and cell fragments

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3
Q

What is plasma?

What percentage of blood volume does it make up?

A

Liquid matrix of blood; 55%

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4
Q

What are formed elements?

What percentage of blood volume does it make up?

A

Cells and cell fragments; 45%

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5
Q

What percentage of body weight does blood account for?

How much blood is this typically in males and females?

A

8%
Females 4-5 liters
Males 5-6 liters

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6
Q

Colloid

A

Liquid containing suspended substances that don’t settle out of a solution

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7
Q

What percentage of plasma is water?

A

91%

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8
Q

What percentage of plasma is proteins?

A

7%

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9
Q

List the 3 types of proteins found in plasma and their makeup percentages.

A

Albumins 58%
Globulins 38%
Fibrinogen 4%

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10
Q

What are the functions of albumins?

A

Regulate water movement between tissues and blood to maintain blood colloid osmotic pressure

Blood viscosity

Transport fatty acids, free bilirubin, and thyroid hormones

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11
Q

What are the functions of globulins?

A

Transport substances

Alpha globulin: inflammation, transport hormones/lipids/hemoglobin released from damaged RBCs, conversion/transport of iron

Beta globulin: iron/lipid transport, immunity, coagulation

Lambda globulin: immunity

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12
Q

What are the functions of fibrinogen?

A

Blood clotting

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13
Q

What is the remaining 2% of plasma made of?

What are their functions?

A

Ions - osmosis, membrane potential, pH

Nutrients - energy, enzyme activity

Waste from breakdown of metabolism, RBCs, anaerobic respiration

Gases - aerobic respiration waste, necessity

Regulatory substances - enzymes & hormones

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of formed elements of blood?

A

Erythrocytes - 95%
Leukocytes - 5%
Platelets

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of leukocytes?

A

Granulocytes

Agranulocytes

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16
Q

Describe granulocytes.

List the 3 distinctive types.

A

Cytoplasm contains large granules; multi-lobed nuclei

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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17
Q

Describe agranulocytes.

List the 2 distinctive types.

A

Cytoplasm contains small granules; unlobed nuclei

Lymphocytes, monocytes

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18
Q

Describe erythrocytes.

A

Biconcave shape that allows for bending
No nucleus
Contains hemoglobin, lipids, ATP, carbonic anhydrase (pH)
More abundant in males

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19
Q

What are the functions of erythrocytes?

A

Transport oxygen from lungs to tissues

  • 98.5% attached to hemoglobin
  • 1.5% dissolved in plasma

Transport carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs

  • 7% dissolved in plasma
  • 23% in combination with hemoglobin
  • 70% transported as bicarbonate ions
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20
Q

Hemoglobin

A

A protein consisting of 4 subunits

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21
Q

Describe the structure of hemoglobin.

A

Globin attaches to CO2; binds to heme group

Each heme contains one iron atom; attaches to O2

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22
Q

How many oxygen molecules can be transported on one hemoglobin protein?

A

4 - one per heme subgroup

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23
Q

Why does embryonic and fetal hemoglobin have a greater attraction for oxygen than adult hemoglobin?

A

Babies in utero bypass pulmonary circulation via fossa ovalis since they are not actively breathing on their own.

Fetal hemoglobin production stops after birth once the baby breathes independently

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24
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin bound to oxygen

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25
Q

Deoxyhemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin not bound to oxygen

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26
Q

Carbaminohemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin bound to carbon dioxide

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27
Q

Do white blood cells have a nucleus?

A

Yes

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28
Q

What is the general function of white blood cells?

A

Protect the body from invading microbes

Remove dead cells and debris

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29
Q

Ameboid movement

A

Directed movement similar to that of an amoeba

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30
Q

Diapedesis

A

Cells become thin, elongate, and move either between or through endothelial cells of capillaries

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31
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Attraction to and movement toward foreign materials or damaged cells

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32
Q

Pus

A

Accumulation of dead white blood cells and bacteria

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33
Q

Describe neutrophils.

A

55-70% of WBC

Leave bone marrow, 10-12 hour circulation, enter tissues, dies in 1-2 days

First responders - become motile, phagocytize bacteria/antigen-antibody complexes/other foreign matter

Secrete lysozyme

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34
Q

Describe eosinophils.

A

1-4% of WBC

Leave circulation into tissues during an inflammatory response or allergic responses

Destroy inflammatory chemicals (histamine)

Release chemicals that destroy tapeworms, flukes, pinworms, hookworms

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35
Q

Describe basophils.

A

1% of WBC

Leave circulation into tissues during an inflammatory response or allergic responses

Produce histamine and heparin

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36
Q

Describe lymphocytes.

A

20-40% of WBC

Produced in red bone marrow, then migrate to lymphatic tissues to proliferate

Antibody production

Immunity - B and T cells

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37
Q

Describe monocytes.

A

2-8% of WBC

Circulate for 3 days, then leave and become macrophages (phagocytic)

Breaks down antigens and shows them to lymphocytes for recognition

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38
Q

How are platelets formed?

A

Cell fragments pinched off from megakaryocytes in red bone marrow

Surface glycoproteins allow for adhesion to other molecules

5-9 days in circulation

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39
Q

What are the functions of platelets?

A

Platelet plugs
Promoting formation of blood clots
Actin and myosin pull wounds closed

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40
Q

Hematopoiesis/hemopoiesis

A

Process of blood cell production

*3 pathways: erythropoiesis (RBC), thrombopoiesis (platelets), leukopoiesis (WBC)

41
Q

What stem cell are all formed elements derived from?

A

Hemocytoblasts

42
Q

How are basophils formed?

A 
Hemocytoblast
Myeloid stem cell
Myeloblast
Progranulocyte
Basophilic myelocyte
Basophilic band cell
Basophil
43
Q

How are eosinophils formed?

A 
Hemocytoblast
Myeloid stem cell
Myeloblast
Progranulocyte
Eosinophilic myelocyte
Eosinophilic band cell
Eosinophil
44
Q

How are neutrophils formed?

A 
Hemocytoblast
Myeloid stem cell
Myeloblast
Progranulocyte
Neutrophilic myelocyte
Neutrophilic band cell
Neutrophil
45
Q

How are monocytes formed?

A

Hemocytoblast
Myeloid stem cell
Monoblast
Monocyte

46
Q

How are lymphocytes formed?

A

Hemocytoblast
Lymphoid stem cell
Lymphoblast
Lymphocyte

47
Q

How are platelets formed?

A 
Hemocytoblast
Myeloid stem cell
Megakaryoblast
Megakaryocyte
Megakaryocyte breakup
Platelets
48
Q

How are red blood cells formed?

A 
Hemocytoblast
Myeloid stem cell
Proerythroblast
Early erythroblast
Intermediate erythroblast
Late erythroblast
Reticulocyte (no nucleus)
Erythrocyte
49
Q

How long is the life cycle of an erythrocyte?

A

Erythropoiesis takes 4 days
Alive for 110-120 days in circulation
Rupture (hemolysis)

50
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A

Hormone that stimulates erythrocyte production

Produced in the kidneys in response to low blood oxygen levels

  • Low blood oxygen levels
  • Increased EPO output
  • Increased erythrocyte production
  • Increased blood oxygen levels
51
Q

How is hemoglobin in plasma broken down?

A

Macrophages

Globin is broken down into amino acids and reused

Heme is broken down
- Iron is released, transported to red bone marrow, and used to create new hemoglobin

Non-iron part converted to bilirubin, released into plasma, binds to albumin, transported to liver, becomes bile

52
Q

Serum

A

Plasma without clotting factors

53
Q

Transfusion

A

The transfer of blood or blood components from one person to another

54
Q

Infusion

A

Introduction of fluid other than blood

55
Q

Antigen

A

Marker molecules on the surface of erythrocytes

56
Q

Antibody

A

Proteins in plasma that bind to antigens

57
Q

Agglutination

A

Clumping of cells

58
Q

If you have A+ blood, who can you donate to?

A

A+

AB+

59
Q

If you have A+ blood, who can you receive blood from?

A

A+
A-
O+
O-

60
Q

If you have O+ blood, who can you donate to?

A

O+
A+
B+
AB+

61
Q

If you have O+ blood, who can you receive blood from?

A

O+

O-

62
Q

If you have B+ blood, who can you donate to?

A

B+

AB+

63
Q

If you have B+ blood, who can you receive blood from?

A

B+
B-
O+
O-

64
Q

If you have AB+ blood, who can you donate to?

A

AB+

65
Q

If you have AB+ blood, who can you receive blood from?

A

All blood types

66
Q

If you have A- blood, who can you donate to?

A

A+
A-
AB+
AB-

67
Q

If you have A- blood, who can you receive blood from?

A

A-

O-

68
Q

If you have O- blood, who can you donate to?

A

All blood types

69
Q

If you have O- blood, who can you receive blood from?

A

O-

70
Q

If you have B- blood, who can you donate to?

A

B+
B-
AB+
AB-

71
Q

If you have B- blood, who can you receive blood from?

A

B-

O-

72
Q

If you have AB- blood, who can you donate to?

A

AB+

AB-

73
Q

If you have AB- blood, who can you receive blood from?

A

AB-
A-
B-
O-

74
Q

Rh-positive

A

Presence of D antigen on surface of erythrocytes

75
Q

Rh-negative

A

No presence of D antigen on surface of erythrocytes

76
Q

What is hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)?

A

Rh-positive fetus and an Rh-negative mother

Rh antigens of fetus cross placenta, so mother creates antiRh antibodies

First pregnancy safe, but second pregnancy can endanger fetus due to existing antiRh antibodies

  • Fetal erythrocytes would be destroyed
  • Can be treated with injections
77
Q

Crossmatch

A

Donor blood mixed with recipient serum and vice versa to check for agglutination before transfusion

78
Q

Red blood count

A

The number of erythrocytes per microliter of blood

79
Q

Hemoglobin measurement

A

Grams of hemoglobin per 100mL of blood

Male 14-17 g/100mL
Female 12-15 g/100mL

80
Q

Hematocrit measurement

A

Percent of blood that is erythrocytes

81
Q

White blood cell count

A

4500-11,000 per microliter of blood

82
Q

Differential white blood count

A

Determines the percentage of each of the 5 types of leukocyte

83
Q

Platelet count

A

150,000-400,000 per microliter

84
Q

Prothrombin time measurement

A

Measures how long it takes for blood to start clotting

  • 9-12 seconds
  • To test, thromboplastin is added to whole plasma
85
Q

Blood chemistry

A

Composition of materials dissolved or suspended in the plasma

Used to assess functioning of many body systems

86
Q

Hemostasis

A

Arrest of bleeding

87
Q

What are the 3 steps of hemostasis?

A

Vascular spasm
Platelet plug formation
Coagulation

88
Q

Describe vascular spasms.

A

Immediate constriction of a blood vessel to stop blood flow that lasts around 30 minutes

Exposed endothelium in contact with blood releases local hormones
- Endothelin causes smooth muscle contraction to promote vascular spasms

89
Q

What is a platelet plug formation?

A

Attachment of platelets to sticky endothelial surfaces, basement membrane, exposed collagen fibers, and other platelets

*Not yet a clot

90
Q

What are the 3 steps of platelet plug formation?

A

Platelet adhesion
Platelet release reaction
Platelet aggregation

91
Q

What happens during platelet adhesion?

A

Platelets bind to exposed collagen from damaged vessel, becoming activated platelets

von Willebrand factor (vWF) secreted by blood vessel endothelial cells

  • Platelets bind
  • vWF binds to exposed collagen

Bridge between platelets and collagen forms

92
Q

What happens during platelet release reaction?

A

Activated platelets exocytose chemicals, which activates other platelets and causes them to bind

*Positive feedback loop

93
Q

What chemicals are released by platelets?

A

ADP - stimulates platelet aggregation/secretion

Thromboxanes - stimulate vascular spasms

Platelet factors - proteins

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) - promotes vessel repair

Calcium ions - required for platelet aggregation and clotting

94
Q

What happens during platelet aggregation?

A

Activated platelets change shape and express fibrinogen receptors

Platelets adhere to fibrinogen and each other, creating a platelet plug

Activated platelets release phospholipids, TF III, and TF V

95
Q

Which tissue factors require vitamin K?

Where do we get vitamin K?

A

II, VII, IX, X

Diet or bacteria in large intestine

96
Q

List the tissue factor activation process in an intrinsic pathway.

A

XII - XI - IX (+ VII + IV + phospholipids) - X

Begins with chemicals in the blood
- Exposed collagen activates XII

97
Q

List the tissue factor activation process in an extrinsic pathway.

A

III + IV - VII - X

Begins with chemicals outside of blood
- Damaged tissue release III

98
Q

How is prothrombinase formed?

After it’s formed, what does it do?

A

X + V + IV + phospholipids

Converts prothrombin to thrombin

99
Q

What does thrombin do?

A

Converts fibrinogen to fibrin
Activates XIII, which stabilizes the blood clot
Activates XI
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BIOL 224 Lecture (3 decks)

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