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BIOL 224 Lecture > CH 19 - Blood > Flashcards

CH 19 - Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 functions of blood?

A 
Transport gases, nutrients, wastes
Transport processed molecules
Transport regulatory molecules
Regulate pH and osmosis
Maintain body temperature
Protect against foreign substances
Clot formation
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2
Q

Blood

A

Connective tissue with liquid matrix containing cells and cell fragments

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3
Q

What is plasma?

What percentage of blood volume does it make up?

A

Liquid matrix of blood; 55%

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4
Q

What are formed elements?

What percentage of blood volume does it make up?

A

Cells and cell fragments; 45%

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5
Q

What percentage of body weight does blood account for?

How much blood is this typically in males and females?

A

8%
Females 4-5 liters
Males 5-6 liters

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6
Q

Colloid

A

Liquid containing suspended substances that don’t settle out of a solution

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7
Q

What percentage of plasma is water?

A

91%

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8
Q

What percentage of plasma is proteins?

A

7%

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9
Q

List the 3 types of proteins found in plasma and their makeup percentages.

A

Albumins 58%
Globulins 38%
Fibrinogen 4%

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10
Q

What are the functions of albumins?

A

Regulate water movement between tissues and blood to maintain blood colloid osmotic pressure

Blood viscosity

Transport fatty acids, free bilirubin, and thyroid hormones

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11
Q

What are the functions of globulins?

A

Transport substances

Alpha globulin: inflammation, transport hormones/lipids/hemoglobin released from damaged RBCs, conversion/transport of iron

Beta globulin: iron/lipid transport, immunity, coagulation

Lambda globulin: immunity

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12
Q

What are the functions of fibrinogen?

A

Blood clotting

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13
Q

What is the remaining 2% of plasma made of?

What are their functions?

A

Ions - osmosis, membrane potential, pH

Nutrients - energy, enzyme activity

Waste from breakdown of metabolism, RBCs, anaerobic respiration

Gases - aerobic respiration waste, necessity

Regulatory substances - enzymes & hormones

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of formed elements of blood?

A

Erythrocytes - 95%
Leukocytes - 5%
Platelets

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of leukocytes?

A

Granulocytes

Agranulocytes

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16
Q

Describe granulocytes.

List the 3 distinctive types.

A

Cytoplasm contains large granules; multi-lobed nuclei

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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17
Q

Describe agranulocytes.

List the 2 distinctive types.

A

Cytoplasm contains small granules; unlobed nuclei

Lymphocytes, monocytes

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18
Q

Describe erythrocytes.

A

Biconcave shape that allows for bending
No nucleus
Contains hemoglobin, lipids, ATP, carbonic anhydrase (pH)
More abundant in males

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19
Q

What are the functions of erythrocytes?

A

Transport oxygen from lungs to tissues

  • 98.5% attached to hemoglobin
  • 1.5% dissolved in plasma

Transport carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs

  • 7% dissolved in plasma
  • 23% in combination with hemoglobin
  • 70% transported as bicarbonate ions
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20
Q

Hemoglobin

A

A protein consisting of 4 subunits

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21
Q

Describe the structure of hemoglobin.

A

Globin attaches to CO2; binds to heme group

Each heme contains one iron atom; attaches to O2

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22
Q

How many oxygen molecules can be transported on one hemoglobin protein?

A

4 - one per heme subgroup

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23
Q

Why does embryonic and fetal hemoglobin have a greater attraction for oxygen than adult hemoglobin?

A

Babies in utero bypass pulmonary circulation via fossa ovalis since they are not actively breathing on their own.

Fetal hemoglobin production stops after birth once the baby breathes independently

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24
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin bound to oxygen

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25
Deoxyhemoglobin
Hemoglobin not bound to oxygen
26
Carbaminohemoglobin
Hemoglobin bound to carbon dioxide
27
Do white blood cells have a nucleus?
Yes
28
What is the general function of white blood cells?
Protect the body from invading microbes | Remove dead cells and debris
29
Ameboid movement
Directed movement similar to that of an amoeba
30
Diapedesis
Cells become thin, elongate, and move either between or through endothelial cells of capillaries
31
Chemotaxis
Attraction to and movement toward foreign materials or damaged cells
32
Pus
Accumulation of dead white blood cells and bacteria
33
Describe neutrophils.
55-70% of WBC Leave bone marrow, 10-12 hour circulation, enter tissues, dies in 1-2 days First responders - become motile, phagocytize bacteria/antigen-antibody complexes/other foreign matter Secrete lysozyme
34
Describe eosinophils.
1-4% of WBC Leave circulation into tissues during an inflammatory response or allergic responses Destroy inflammatory chemicals (histamine) Release chemicals that destroy tapeworms, flukes, pinworms, hookworms
35
Describe basophils.
1% of WBC Leave circulation into tissues during an inflammatory response or allergic responses Produce histamine and heparin
36
Describe lymphocytes.
20-40% of WBC Produced in red bone marrow, then migrate to lymphatic tissues to proliferate Antibody production Immunity - B and T cells
37
Describe monocytes.
2-8% of WBC Circulate for 3 days, then leave and become macrophages (phagocytic) Breaks down antigens and shows them to lymphocytes for recognition
38
How are platelets formed?
Cell fragments pinched off from megakaryocytes in red bone marrow Surface glycoproteins allow for adhesion to other molecules 5-9 days in circulation
39
What are the functions of platelets?
Platelet plugs Promoting formation of blood clots Actin and myosin pull wounds closed
40
Hematopoiesis/hemopoiesis
Process of blood cell production *3 pathways: erythropoiesis (RBC), thrombopoiesis (platelets), leukopoiesis (WBC)
41
What stem cell are all formed elements derived from?
Hemocytoblasts
42
How are basophils formed?
``` Hemocytoblast Myeloid stem cell Myeloblast Progranulocyte Basophilic myelocyte Basophilic band cell Basophil ```
43
How are eosinophils formed?
``` Hemocytoblast Myeloid stem cell Myeloblast Progranulocyte Eosinophilic myelocyte Eosinophilic band cell Eosinophil ```
44
How are neutrophils formed?
``` Hemocytoblast Myeloid stem cell Myeloblast Progranulocyte Neutrophilic myelocyte Neutrophilic band cell Neutrophil ```
45
How are monocytes formed?
Hemocytoblast Myeloid stem cell Monoblast Monocyte
46
How are lymphocytes formed?
Hemocytoblast Lymphoid stem cell Lymphoblast Lymphocyte
47
How are platelets formed?
``` Hemocytoblast Myeloid stem cell Megakaryoblast Megakaryocyte Megakaryocyte breakup Platelets ```
48
How are red blood cells formed?
``` Hemocytoblast Myeloid stem cell Proerythroblast Early erythroblast Intermediate erythroblast Late erythroblast Reticulocyte (no nucleus) Erythrocyte ```
49
How long is the life cycle of an erythrocyte?
Erythropoiesis takes 4 days Alive for 110-120 days in circulation Rupture (hemolysis)
50
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Hormone that stimulates erythrocyte production Produced in the kidneys in response to low blood oxygen levels - Low blood oxygen levels - Increased EPO output - Increased erythrocyte production - Increased blood oxygen levels
51
How is hemoglobin in plasma broken down?
Macrophages Globin is broken down into amino acids and reused Heme is broken down - Iron is released, transported to red bone marrow, and used to create new hemoglobin Non-iron part converted to bilirubin, released into plasma, binds to albumin, transported to liver, becomes bile
52
Serum
Plasma without clotting factors
53
Transfusion
The transfer of blood or blood components from one person to another
54
Infusion
Introduction of fluid other than blood
55
Antigen
Marker molecules on the surface of erythrocytes
56
Antibody
Proteins in plasma that bind to antigens
57
Agglutination
Clumping of cells
58
If you have A+ blood, who can you donate to?
A+ | AB+
59
If you have A+ blood, who can you receive blood from?
A+ A- O+ O-
60
If you have O+ blood, who can you donate to?
O+ A+ B+ AB+
61
If you have O+ blood, who can you receive blood from?
O+ | O-
62
If you have B+ blood, who can you donate to?
B+ | AB+
63
If you have B+ blood, who can you receive blood from?
B+ B- O+ O-
64
If you have AB+ blood, who can you donate to?
AB+
65
If you have AB+ blood, who can you receive blood from?
All blood types
66
If you have A- blood, who can you donate to?
A+ A- AB+ AB-
67
If you have A- blood, who can you receive blood from?
A- | O-
68
If you have O- blood, who can you donate to?
All blood types
69
If you have O- blood, who can you receive blood from?
O-
70
If you have B- blood, who can you donate to?
B+ B- AB+ AB-
71
If you have B- blood, who can you receive blood from?
B- | O-
72
If you have AB- blood, who can you donate to?
AB+ | AB-
73
If you have AB- blood, who can you receive blood from?
AB- A- B- O-
74
Rh-positive
Presence of D antigen on surface of erythrocytes
75
Rh-negative
No presence of D antigen on surface of erythrocytes
76
What is hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)?
Rh-positive fetus and an Rh-negative mother Rh antigens of fetus cross placenta, so mother creates antiRh antibodies First pregnancy safe, but second pregnancy can endanger fetus due to existing antiRh antibodies - Fetal erythrocytes would be destroyed - Can be treated with injections
77
Crossmatch
Donor blood mixed with recipient serum and vice versa to check for agglutination before transfusion
78
Red blood count
The number of erythrocytes per microliter of blood
79
Hemoglobin measurement
Grams of hemoglobin per 100mL of blood Male 14-17 g/100mL Female 12-15 g/100mL
80
Hematocrit measurement
Percent of blood that is erythrocytes
81
White blood cell count
4500-11,000 per microliter of blood
82
Differential white blood count
Determines the percentage of each of the 5 types of leukocyte
83
Platelet count
150,000-400,000 per microliter
84
Prothrombin time measurement
Measures how long it takes for blood to start clotting - 9-12 seconds - To test, thromboplastin is added to whole plasma
85
Blood chemistry
Composition of materials dissolved or suspended in the plasma Used to assess functioning of many body systems
86
Hemostasis
Arrest of bleeding
87
What are the 3 steps of hemostasis?
Vascular spasm Platelet plug formation Coagulation
88
Describe vascular spasms.
Immediate constriction of a blood vessel to stop blood flow that lasts around 30 minutes Exposed endothelium in contact with blood releases local hormones - Endothelin causes smooth muscle contraction to promote vascular spasms
89
What is a platelet plug formation?
Attachment of platelets to sticky endothelial surfaces, basement membrane, exposed collagen fibers, and other platelets *Not yet a clot
90
What are the 3 steps of platelet plug formation?
Platelet adhesion Platelet release reaction Platelet aggregation
91
What happens during platelet adhesion?
Platelets bind to exposed collagen from damaged vessel, becoming activated platelets von Willebrand factor (vWF) secreted by blood vessel endothelial cells - Platelets bind - vWF binds to exposed collagen Bridge between platelets and collagen forms
92
What happens during platelet release reaction?
Activated platelets exocytose chemicals, which activates other platelets and causes them to bind *Positive feedback loop
93
What chemicals are released by platelets?
ADP - stimulates platelet aggregation/secretion Thromboxanes - stimulate vascular spasms Platelet factors - proteins Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) - promotes vessel repair Calcium ions - required for platelet aggregation and clotting
94
What happens during platelet aggregation?
Activated platelets change shape and express fibrinogen receptors Platelets adhere to fibrinogen and each other, creating a platelet plug Activated platelets release phospholipids, TF III, and TF V
95
Which tissue factors require vitamin K? | Where do we get vitamin K?
II, VII, IX, X Diet or bacteria in large intestine
96
List the tissue factor activation process in an intrinsic pathway.
XII - XI - IX (+ VII + IV + phospholipids) - X Begins with chemicals in the blood - Exposed collagen activates XII
97
List the tissue factor activation process in an extrinsic pathway.
III + IV - VII - X Begins with chemicals outside of blood - Damaged tissue release III
98
How is prothrombinase formed? | After it's formed, what does it do?
X + V + IV + phospholipids Converts prothrombin to thrombin
99
What does thrombin do?
Converts fibrinogen to fibrin Activates XIII, which stabilizes the blood clot Activates XI Positive feedback

BIOL 224 Lecture (3 decks)

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