ch. 18 (genomics, bioinformatics, and proteomics)

Question 1

An identifying number or code assigned to a nucleotide or amino acid sequence for entry and cataloging in a database.

Answer 1

accession number

Question 2

Sequences of DNA, RNA, or amino acids are compared and aligned based on sequence similarities.

Answer 2

alignment

Question 3

Analysis of genomic nucleotide sequence data to identify the protein-coding genes, the non-protein-coding genes, and the regulatory sequences and function(s) of each gene.

Answer 3

annotation

Question 4

Genome produced in the laboratory usually by chemical processes for DNA synthesis as opposed to a naturally occurring genome; also called a synthetic genome.

Answer 4

artificial genome

Question 5

Comparing genomes from different organisms to evaluate genetic and evolutionary similarity and other elements.

Answer 5

comparative genomics

Question 6

A continuous DNA sequence reconstructed from overlapping DNA sequences derived by cloning or sequence analysis.

Answer 6

contiguous fragments (contigs)

Question 7

An ordered ­arrangement of DNA sequences or oligonucleotides on a substrate (often glass). Microarrays are used in quantitative assays of DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA binding to measure profiles of gene expression (for example, during development or to compare the differences in gene expression between normal and cancer cells).

Answer 7

DNA microarray analysis

Question 8

A program established by the National Human Genome Research Institute in 1990 as part of the Human Genome Project to sponsor research on the ethical, legal, and social implications of genomic research and its impact on individuals and social institutions.

Answer 8

ELSI Program

Question 9

A worldwide consortium of researchers using experimental approaches and bioinformatics to identify and analyze functional elements of the genome (such as transcriptional start sites, promoters, and enhancers) that regulate expression of human genes.

Answer 9

Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) Project

Question 10

The study of DNA recovered from organisms collected from the environment as opposed to those grown as laboratory cultures. Often used for estimating the diversity of organisms in an environmental sample.

Answer 10

environmental genomics (metagenomics)

Question 11

A DNA-sequencing ­method in which only the protein-coding ­regions (exons) of the genome are sequenced.

Answer 11

exome sequencing

Question 12

The DNA segments of a gene that contain the sequences that, through transcription and translation, are eventually represented in the final polypeptide product.

Answer 12

exons

Question 13

Analysis of DNA sequence data to propose functions for ­sequenced DNA such as protein-coding and non-coding genes, regulatory elements, etc.

Answer 13

functional genomics

Question 14

An ordered ­arrangement of DNA sequences or oligonucleotides on a substrate (often glass). Microarrays are used in quantitative assays of DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA binding to measure profiles of gene expression (for example, during development or to compare the differences in gene expression between normal and cancer cells).

Answer 14

gene chips (DNA microarray analysis)

Question 15

Genomics project to sequence 10,000 vertebrate genomes

Answer 15

Genome 10K Project

Question 16

DNA sequences differences in the genomes of somatic cells within the same individual; thus, the genome in cells of a tissue such as skin may be a mosaic comprised of sequence variations that vary among skin cells.

Answer 16

genome mosaicism

Question 17

General term describing a range of approaches for studying the genome (all DNA in an organisms’ cells).

Answer 17

genomic analysis

Question 18

Individual changes or variations in the human (reference) genome.

Answer 18

genomic variation

Question 19

Genes related through evolution.

Answer 19

homologous genes

Question 20

International effort to identify all human genes and to sequence an estimated 3 billion based pairs of the entire human genome; also included goals to sequence genomes for model organisms; to evaluate genetic variation in humans; and to address ethical, legal and social issues among other goals.

Answer 20

Human Genome Project (HGP)

Question 21

National Institutes of Health project to sequence the genomes of microorganisms that reside inside and on humans.

Answer 21

Human Microbiome Project (HMP)

Question 22

Technique that can be applied to proteomics and involves analyzing protein sample in gaseous forms to measure mass to charge ratios ions in a protein sample as as way to identify the amino acid sequence in a sample.

Answer 22

mass spectrometry (MS)

Question 23

The study of DNA recovered from organisms collected from the environment as opposed to those grown as laboratory cultures. Often used for estimating the diversity of organisms in an environmental sample.

Answer 23

metagenomics

Question 24

The study of how food and components of food affect gene expression.

Answer 24

nutrigenomics

Question 25

A nucleotide sequence organized as triplets that encodes the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide, including an initiation codon and a termination codon.

Answer 25

open reading frame (ORF)

Question 26

Genes with sequence similarity found in two or more related species that arose from a single gene in a common ancestor.

Answer 26

orthologs

Question 27

An attempt to show or display a genome inclusive of known major genome variations (as opposed to a reference genome that displays the most commonly observed sequence without variations).

Answer 27

pangenome

Question 28

Two or more genes in the same species derived by duplication and subsequent divergence from a single ancestral gene.

Answer 28

paralogs

Question 29

A project to enroll 100,000 individuals to share their genome sequence, personal information, and medical history with researchers and the general public to increase understanding of the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to genetic traits

Answer 29

Personal Genome Project

Question 30

Whole-genome sequencing of individual genomes.

Answer 30

personal genomics

Question 31

The entire set of proteins expressed by a cell, tissue, or organism at a given time.

Answer 31

proteome

Question 32

Technique for determining the nucleotide sequence of RNA molecules

Answer 32

RNA sequencing (RNA-seq)

Question 33

The cloning of random fragments of genomic DNA into a vector (a plasmid or phage), usually to produce a ­library from which clones of specific interest can be selected for use, as in sequencing.

Answer 33

shotgun cloning

Question 34

Sequencing and analysis of ancient DNA samples.

Answer 34

Stone-Age genomics

Question 35

A scientific discipline that combines science and engineering to research the complexity of living systems and to construct biological-based systems that do not exist in nature.

Answer 35

synthetic biology

Question 36

A genome assembled from chemically synthesized DNA fragments that is transferred to a host cell without a genome.

Answer 36

synthetic genome

Question 37

The set of mRNA molecules present in a cell at any given time.

Answer 37

transcriptomics

Question 38

Biochemistry technique for separating peptides or proteins by mass and charge.

Answer 38

two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DGE)

Question 39

Method for sequencing only the RNA-coding ­(exons) of a genome.

Answer 39

whole-exome sequencing (WES)

Question 40

High-throughput techniques for sequencing all of the DNA in a genome and organizing sequencing data to produce a complete genome sequence.

Answer 40

whole-genome sequencing (WGS)