ch. 18 (genomics, bioinformatics, and proteomics) Flashcards
An identifying number or code assigned to a nucleotide or amino acid sequence for entry and cataloging in a database.
accession number
Sequences of DNA, RNA, or amino acids are compared and aligned based on sequence similarities.
alignment
Analysis of genomic nucleotide sequence data to identify the protein-coding genes, the non-protein-coding genes, and the regulatory sequences and function(s) of each gene.
annotation
Genome produced in the laboratory usually by chemical processes for DNA synthesis as opposed to a naturally occurring genome; also called a synthetic genome.
artificial genome
Comparing genomes from different organisms to evaluate genetic and evolutionary similarity and other elements.
comparative genomics
A continuous DNA sequence reconstructed from overlapping DNA sequences derived by cloning or sequence analysis.
contiguous fragments (contigs)
An ordered arrangement of DNA sequences or oligonucleotides on a substrate (often glass). Microarrays are used in quantitative assays of DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA binding to measure profiles of gene expression (for example, during development or to compare the differences in gene expression between normal and cancer cells).
DNA microarray analysis
A program established by the National Human Genome Research Institute in 1990 as part of the Human Genome Project to sponsor research on the ethical, legal, and social implications of genomic research and its impact on individuals and social institutions.
ELSI Program
A worldwide consortium of researchers using experimental approaches and bioinformatics to identify and analyze functional elements of the genome (such as transcriptional start sites, promoters, and enhancers) that regulate expression of human genes.
Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) Project
The study of DNA recovered from organisms collected from the environment as opposed to those grown as laboratory cultures. Often used for estimating the diversity of organisms in an environmental sample.
environmental genomics (metagenomics)
A DNA-sequencing method in which only the protein-coding regions (exons) of the genome are sequenced.
exome sequencing
The DNA segments of a gene that contain the sequences that, through transcription and translation, are eventually represented in the final polypeptide product.
exons
Analysis of DNA sequence data to propose functions for sequenced DNA such as protein-coding and non-coding genes, regulatory elements, etc.
functional genomics
An ordered arrangement of DNA sequences or oligonucleotides on a substrate (often glass). Microarrays are used in quantitative assays of DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA binding to measure profiles of gene expression (for example, during development or to compare the differences in gene expression between normal and cancer cells).
gene chips (DNA microarray analysis)
Genomics project to sequence 10,000 vertebrate genomes
Genome 10K Project
DNA sequences differences in the genomes of somatic cells within the same individual; thus, the genome in cells of a tissue such as skin may be a mosaic comprised of sequence variations that vary among skin cells.
genome mosaicism
General term describing a range of approaches for studying the genome (all DNA in an organisms’ cells).
genomic analysis
Individual changes or variations in the human (reference) genome.
genomic variation
Genes related through evolution.
homologous genes
International effort to identify all human genes and to sequence an estimated 3 billion based pairs of the entire human genome; also included goals to sequence genomes for model organisms; to evaluate genetic variation in humans; and to address ethical, legal and social issues among other goals.
Human Genome Project (HGP)
National Institutes of Health project to sequence the genomes of microorganisms that reside inside and on humans.
Human Microbiome Project (HMP)
Technique that can be applied to proteomics and involves analyzing protein sample in gaseous forms to measure mass to charge ratios ions in a protein sample as as way to identify the amino acid sequence in a sample.
mass spectrometry (MS)
The study of DNA recovered from organisms collected from the environment as opposed to those grown as laboratory cultures. Often used for estimating the diversity of organisms in an environmental sample.
metagenomics
The study of how food and components of food affect gene expression.
nutrigenomics
A nucleotide sequence organized as triplets that encodes the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide, including an initiation codon and a termination codon.
open reading frame (ORF)
Genes with sequence similarity found in two or more related species that arose from a single gene in a common ancestor.
orthologs
An attempt to show or display a genome inclusive of known major genome variations (as opposed to a reference genome that displays the most commonly observed sequence without variations).
pangenome
Two or more genes in the same species derived by duplication and subsequent divergence from a single ancestral gene.
paralogs
A project to enroll 100,000 individuals to share their genome sequence, personal information, and medical history with researchers and the general public to increase understanding of the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to genetic traits
Personal Genome Project
Whole-genome sequencing of individual genomes.
personal genomics
The entire set of proteins expressed by a cell, tissue, or organism at a given time.
proteome
Technique for determining the nucleotide sequence of RNA molecules
RNA sequencing (RNA-seq)
The cloning of random fragments of genomic DNA into a vector (a plasmid or phage), usually to produce a library from which clones of specific interest can be selected for use, as in sequencing.
shotgun cloning
Sequencing and analysis of ancient DNA samples.
Stone-Age genomics
A scientific discipline that combines science and engineering to research the complexity of living systems and to construct biological-based systems that do not exist in nature.
synthetic biology
A genome assembled from chemically synthesized DNA fragments that is transferred to a host cell without a genome.
synthetic genome
The set of mRNA molecules present in a cell at any given time.
transcriptomics
Biochemistry technique for separating peptides or proteins by mass and charge.
two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DGE)
Method for sequencing only the RNA-coding (exons) of a genome.
whole-exome sequencing (WES)
High-throughput techniques for sequencing all of the DNA in a genome and organizing sequencing data to produce a complete genome sequence.
whole-genome sequencing (WGS)
