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Human Genetics Final > Ch. 18 Cancer > Flashcards

Ch. 18 Cancer Flashcards

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1
Q

What is benign?

A

just beginning to accumulate mutations, not considered cancer cells yet, haven’t migrated or spread out in surrounding tissue yet.

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2
Q

What is malignant?

A

cancer cells move around, can get to blood supply then move to whole body

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3
Q

What is cell division based on?

A

growth factors and transcription factors

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4
Q

What ensures that certain requirements are met before cell division can proceed?

A

Cell cycle checkpoints

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5
Q

What turns back on in cancer cells allowing them to extend?

A

telomerase

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6
Q

What are oncogenes?

A

cause cancer when turned on

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7
Q

What are tumor suppressor genes?

A

make sure the cell cycle is proceeding at the appropriate rate for that cell, may lead to cancer if deleted or inactivated

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8
Q

What mutation occurs in the egg/sperm and is inherited?

A

germline mutation

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9
Q

what mutation can’t be inherited?

A

somatic

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10
Q

What are the 4 cyclins in the cell cycle?

A

G1, G1/S, S, M

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11
Q

What are cyclins?

A

proteins to help get through phases of cell cycle; make when needed and destroyed when done with them

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12
Q

What is CDK?

A

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase

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13
Q

What is kinase?

A

attach phosphate to something

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14
Q

what is a specific neurons for muscles, bones, etc called?

A

differentiation

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15
Q

In what phases inhibits the cell cycle until DNA can be repaired?

A

S, G1, G2

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16
Q

What are some characteristics of cancer cells?

A

less adherent, loss of cell cycle control, heritable, transplantable, dedifferentiated, lack contact inhibition, induce local blood vessel formation (angiogensis), invasive, increased mutation rate, metastatic

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17
Q

t/f Proto-oncogenes are required for normal cell division.

A

true

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18
Q

what happens if an oncogene becomes activated?

A

causes cancer by producing growth factors in tissues where growth is not needed; inhibits apoptosis

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19
Q

how does activation of oncogenes occur?

A

due to point mutation, translocation, inversion, viruses

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20
Q

What is the most common reason why activation occurs?

A

when a pro to-oncogene is moved to a region where transcription is more frequent

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21
Q

what triggers apoptosis in damanged cells?

A

p53

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22
Q

What happens if p53 is functioning normally?

A

helps to monitor cell to go through each checkpoint; if cell is damaged p53 will help cell repair damage or pause cell to break down the cyclins until damage is repaired properly. if can’t repair, triggers apoptosis

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23
Q

What happens if p53 is silenced?

A

damaged DNA is allowed to replicate; leads to cancer

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24
Q

what does BRCA1/BRCA2 do?

A

codes for proteins that will help p53

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25
Q

what happens if BRCA1/BRCA2 is damaged?

A

not there to help p53 to stabilize DNA or help repair

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26
Q

t/f anieuploidy will turn on gene.

A

turn off

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27
Q

When do cells become cancerous?

A

when oncogenes are turned on or tumor suppressor genes turned off

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28
Q

What may be turned off due to a deletion, which silences the gene, or due to excessive methylation?

A

tumor suppressors

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29
Q

Why is cell contact important?

A

keeps tissue from falling apart

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30
Q

what are some characteristics of Cadherins?

A

calcium dependent adherents, transmembrane protein (portions on inside/outside)

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31
Q

what is cadherins become mutated?

A

cells lose their contact, this happens in cancer cells; cells then lose their shape to allow cells to become metastatic

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32
Q

what is angiogensis?

A

formation of new blood vessels

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33
Q

how does angiogenesis occur?

A

when cancer cells releases growth factors, VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor, hypoxia, MMP

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34
Q

what is MMP?

A

matrix metalloproteinases; normally used to breakdwon extracellular matrix where cancer cells use them to allow blood vessels to reach tumor

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35
Q

what prevents angiogenesis?

A

Interleukins

36
Q

what prevents cells from becoming cancerous and angiogenesis?

A

interferons

37
Q

If a cell becomes infected, interferons will do what?

A

warn neighboring cells to protect themselves usually with p53.

38
Q

What are the most common secondary locations and what will happen?

A

bone- breaking for no reason
liver- jaundice
lungs- chest pain, cough, SOB

39
Q

What does VEGF do?

A

inhibits growth factors to make new blood vessels so cancer will not be able to develop a greater blood supply to become metastatic

40
Q

how do you detect and diagnose breast cancer?

A

monthly self breast exams for lumps, abnormalities, redness, scaly, or flaky or discharge; most common in ducts; mammograms, biopsy of lump

41
Q

what is the cause of breast cancer?

A

BRCA1/BRCA2 genes mutated (one need on gene, if both more aggressive); just because have mutation doesn’t mean cancer will develop and not having a mutation doesn’t mean you won’t get cancer

42
Q

what is the treatment for breast cancer?

A

radiation, chemotherapy, mastectomy, lumpectomy, hormone therapy

43
Q

what is the goal of radiation in breast cancer?

A

target an area using x-rays to destroy the tumor but the other cells in the area are often destroyed

44
Q

what is the goal of chemotherapy in breast cancer?

A

target cells that divide rapidly and is non specific

45
Q

what is the prognosis for breast cancer in 10 years?

A

88% survival rate

46
Q

stage 0 in breast cancer

A

small in size, noninvasive

47
Q

stage 1 for breast cancer

A

invasive (spreading to other parts of breast), 2 cm or less in size if one lump; 22 mm or less if many lumps

48
Q

stage 2 of breast cancer

A

2-2.5 cm if one; 5 mm if many; has spread to 1-3 axillary lymph nodes

49
Q

stage 3 of breast cancer

A

greater than 5 cm, spread to 4-9 axillary lymph nodes

50
Q

stage 4 of breast cancer

A

completely metastatic (anywhere in body), no longer regional

51
Q

how do you detect cervical cancer and diagnose it?

A

pap smear, LEEP (suspicious cells removed), HPV detection test

52
Q

what is the cause of cervical cancer?

A

gene mutation, HPV, and adenocarcinomas

53
Q

what are adenocarcinomas?

A

influence the glands around squamous cells

54
Q

what treats cervical cancer?

A

based on what is affected, remove cervix, hysterectomy, or ovaries

55
Q

what is the prognosis for cervical cancer for the stages?

A

1- 92%
2&3- 56%
4- 17%

56
Q

stage 1 for cervical cancer

A

cancer cells are localized to the cervix

57
Q

stage 2 of cervical cancer

A

cancer cells are in cervix and uterus (regional)

58
Q

stage 3 of cervical cancer

A

cancer cells are in cervix, uterus, pelvis, and in lower vagina

59
Q

stage 4 of cervical cancer

A

metastatic; bladder, rectum, all other parts of body

60
Q

how to detect and diagnose prostate cancer?

A

urination problems, rectal/prostate exam, PSA, ultrasound, biopsy

61
Q

what is PSA?

A

prostate specific antigen; will be higher in a male who may have cancer, more severe the tumor, the higher the concentration

62
Q

what is the cause of prostate cancer?

A

no specific gene but family hx plays role, 55+, A.A., enlarged prostate

63
Q

what is the treatment for prostate cancer?

A

based on what stage its in, can remove prostate, chemotherapy, radiation, hormone therapy

64
Q

why does hormone therapy treat prostate cancer?

A

tumor requires testosterone, so may remove testes

65
Q

what is the prognosis of prostate cancer in 10 years and 15 years?

A

10- 93%

15- 77%

66
Q

stage 1 of prostate cancer

A

one side of prostate

67
Q

stage 2 of prostate cancer

A

entire prostate-both sides

68
Q

stage 3 of prostate cancer

A

regional- seminal vesicles

69
Q

stage 4 of prostate cancer

A

no longer regional, spread to other body parts

70
Q

what causes skin cancer?

A

uv rays, squamous cells, basal cells, melanocytes

71
Q

how to treat skin cancer?

A 
a- asymmetry 
b- border
c- color
d- diameter
e- evolution
lazers
72
Q

what is the prognosis of skin cancer in 5 years?

A

100%

73
Q

stage 0 of skin cancer

A

epidermis, benign

74
Q

stage 1 of skin cancer

A

less than 2 cm

75
Q

stage 2 of skin cancer

A

greater than 2 cm

76
Q

stage 3 of skin cancer

A

greater than 3 cm and begins to spread to other areas, still regional

77
Q

stage 4 of skin cancer

A

metastatic

78
Q

how to detect and diagnose pancreatic cancer?

A

CA 19-9: protein released from cancerous cells, but can have false positive or negative; explorative surgery

79
Q

what is the cause of pancreatic cancer?

A

no specific gene, typically from mutations

80
Q

how to treat pancreatic cancer?

A

removal of pancreas and other digestive organs like gallbladder

81
Q

what is the prognosis of the stages in pancreatic cancer?

A

1: 12-14%
2: 5-7%
3: 3%
4: 1%
likely to reoccur if any cancer cells were left behind

82
Q

stage 1 of pancreatic cancer

A

pancreas

83
Q

stage 2 of pancreatic cancer

A

nearby organs- liver, spleen, stomach, gallbladder

84
Q

stage 3 of pancreatic cancer

A

lymph nodes, blood

85
Q

stage 4 of pancreatic cancer

A

not uncommon to find tumors within the peritoneum (abdominal cavity)

Human Genetics Final (5 decks)

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