Ch. 17: Pregnancy through Infancy Flashcards by Bethany Au

How long does a full-term pregnancy last from conception to birth?

39-40 weeks

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What are the two periods of prenatal development?

Embryonic-week 3-8
Fetal: week 8+

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When does nutrition through the life cycle begin?

Preconception

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Do maternal and fetal blood mix?

No, but the placenta allows the embryo to use the mother’s organ systems

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Smoking, alcohol, drug abuse, and obesity can ____ sperm production and function

decrease

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Nutrients ____ and _____ are linked to the production of healthy sperm

Zinc and Folate

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Which three antioxidants protect sperm from free radical damage?

Vitamins C, E, and carotenoids

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Should a woman try to lose weight during pregnancy?

NEVER

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Underweight women are at risk of delivering ____, low birth weight, or small babies

Preterm

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A baby that weighs < ___ lbs at birth is low birthweight

<5.5 lbs

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Small for gestational age (SGA) babies weigh less than the ___percentile of weight for their gestational age

10th percentile

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Women who consume ______ reduce the risk of their baby having neural tube defects

folic acid

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What is the RDA for folic acid at least 1 month prior to conception?

400 micrograms daily

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What is the RDA for folic acid during pregnancy?

600 micrograms

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___ to ___ serving of fish a week are safe for pregnant women

2 to 3

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Eating fish with high levels of ______ can harm the developing nervous system of the fetus

methylmercury

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Pregnant women should consume <___mg/day of caffiene before and during pregnancy, which is __to__ cups/day

<200mg/day
1-2 cups/day

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Women who ___ during pregnancy are more likely to weigh less and gain less weight.

smoke

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Drinking alcohol during pregnancy can lead to _____ and _____

FASDs: Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

FAS: fetal alcohol syndrome

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Pregnant women should _____ dietary supplements, including botanicals

avoid

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During the ___trimester, fetus growth involves:
-Liver forming RBCs
-Heart begins beating
-Limbs take shape
-Brain grows rapidly

First

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The fetus comprises about ___ of the total weight gained by a women during pregnancy, the rest is ________ and ____.

1/3
maternal tissues
fluids

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Woman at a healthy weight (BMI between ___ and ___) should gain __ to __ lbs

BMI between 18.5 and 24.9
25-35 lbs

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What is the recommended weight gain for a pregnant woman with a BMI of 25-29.9?

15-25 lbs

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What is the recommended weight gain for a pregnant woman with a BMI of <18.5?

28-40lbs

What is the recommended weight gain for a pregnant women with a BMI of >30?

11-20lbs

An increased amount of kcals is ______ needed in the first trimester, but certain _____ should be increased after conception

NOT nutrients

Pregnant women have a __% increase in needs for certain vitamins and minerals

50%

Which trace mineral is needed in supplement for during pregnancy?

Iron

High fiber foods and coffee/tea should be ____ during pregnancy

Avoided

Inhibited absorption of iron during pregnancy increases the need for ___ and ___

Zinc and copper

Insufficient vitamin __ during pregnancy can lead to impaired fetal bone formation, hypertension, preterm birth, low birthweight, and gestational diabetes

Vitamin D

Vegetarian or vegan women need to be careful about meeting needs for _______ and vitamin ___

alpha-linolenic acid and vitamin B12

Excess vitamin __ can be toxic and lead to birth defects

Vitamin A

___________ is excessive vomiting during pregnancy that can lead to dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and weight loss

hyperemesis gravidarum

Is there any scientific evidence supporting the belief that craving certain foods is an indication of nutrient deficiency?

The bacterium ________ may cause miscarriage, premature labor, low birth weight, developmental problems, and infant death

Listeria monocytogenes

Women with _____ should avoid aspartame

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

An additional ___ kcal/day should be consumed in the second trimester

340 kcal/daily

An additional ___ kcal daily should be consumed during the third trimester

450 kcal/daily

Pregnant women in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters should gain between ___ and ___ lb weekly

0.5 and 1 lb weekly

Pregnant women in the 2nd and 3rd trimester should consume a minimum of ___ g carbs daily

175 g carbs daily

High blood glucose levels can lead to_______

gestational diabetes

Gestational diabetes can result in _____, which is an abnormally large baby

Macrosomia

Pregnancy induced hypertension has 3 categories: 1. 2. 3.

Gestational hypertension Preeclampsia: deprives fetus Eclampsia: seizures

What is the only cure for preeclampsia and eclampsia?

Delivering the baby

What 3 things can be used to treat preeclampsia until the baby can be born safely?

Bedrest, medications, and hospitalization

Being over the age of __ and under the age of __ can negatively effect a pregnancy

Over 35 Under 20

The hormone _____ stimulates milk production

Prolactin

The hormone ______ releases milk for infant to receive through the nipple "___________"

Oxytocin Letdown response

Right after birth, breast milk contains ____, a yellowish fluid that is lower in ___ but higher in protein, vitamin A, minerals, and immune factors

Colostrum Fat

4-7 days after birth, breast milk is high in lactose, ___, and __ Vitamins... lower in ___-soluble vitamins, ___, and other minerals

High in fat Low in B-vitamins and sodium

Breast milk does not provide infants with an adequate intake of _____

Vitamin D

It is recommended to supplement breast-fed babies with a minimum of ____ IU vitamin D per day... in the form of ____

400 IU vitamin D per day in the form of drops

The protein _______ protects against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and inflammation by binding with ____ and making it unavailable to the bacteria

Lactoferrin binds to iron

T or F: breast-fed infants may have greater cognitive function

True

Two Academies recommend exclusive breast-feeding for the first __ months and then use a combination of appropriate foods during at least the ___ year

6 months first year

Breast-feeding mothers require __ cups of fluid per day

13 cups per day

Breast-feeding mothers need an additional ___kcal per day during the first __ months, but only ___ of those need to come from foods.

500 kcal/day during first 6 months 330 from foods

Approx. ___ kcals are mobilized daily from fat that was stored during pregnancy, so only ___ of the additional 500 kcals are needed from foods during the first 6 months after birth

170 kcals from fat 330 kcals from foods

Breast-feeding mothers need an additional ___ kcals per day during the second __ months

400 kcals 6 months

Lactating vegan women need adequate amounts of vitamin ___ from dietary supplements and fortified foods

Vitamin B12

Children in families with a history of _______ may benefit from breast-feeding

Food allergies

Infants with _____ cannot metabolize lactose and should not be ______

galactosemia breastfed

Birth weight ___ by 6 months of age and ______ by __ months of age

doubles by 6 triples by 12

Baby _____ doubles by one year of age

Length

____ _____ are used to track physical development of infants

Growth charts

How many additional kcals are needed during the first trimester?

An infant's energy needs are ___kcal/kg for the first 6 months of life

108 kcal/kg

An infant's carb needs are __ g/day during first 6 months

An infant's carb needs are __ g/day at 7-12 months

An infant's protein needs are __ g/day during first 6 months

An infant's protein needs are __g/day at 7-12 months

Should fat intake be limited for infants?

Infants requires vitamin __, vitamin __, and ____ supplements

Vitamin K, Vitamin D, and iron supplements

The milestones that indicate an infant is ready for solid food usually occurs around __-__ months of age

4-6 months

Feeding honey to an infant can lead to _______, a paralytic illness

Infant botulism

_______ are proteins that are not broken down by cooking or digestion and enter the body intact, causing an adverse reaction by the immune system

Food allergens

Two stages of an allergic reaction: -______: allergens sensitize themselves to the immune system -_____: occurs when a person eats the food allergens again and reactions appear

Sensitization stage Allergen Reaction stage

________ is an adverse reaction to a food that does not involve an immune response

Food intolerance

___% of children outgrow a peanut allergy

20%

Morning sickness can be relieved by eating small, frequent meals high in ____

Carbohydrates

What 3 foods/substances can help relieve morning sickness?

Salty foods Vitamin B6 Ginger

the ________ is the releasing of milk from a breast to feed a nursing baby

Letdown response

At what age is cow's milk safe for an infant to ingest?

12 months