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Nutrition FINAL > Ch. 17: Pregnancy through Infancy > Flashcards

Ch. 17: Pregnancy through Infancy Flashcards

1
Q

How long does a full-term pregnancy last from conception to birth?

A

39-40 weeks

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2
Q

What are the two periods of prenatal development?

A

Embryonic-week 3-8
Fetal: week 8+

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3
Q

When does nutrition through the life cycle begin?

A

Preconception

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4
Q

Do maternal and fetal blood mix?

A

No, but the placenta allows the embryo to use the mother’s organ systems

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5
Q

Smoking, alcohol, drug abuse, and obesity can ____ sperm production and function

A

decrease

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6
Q

Nutrients ____ and _____ are linked to the production of healthy sperm

A

Zinc and Folate

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7
Q

Which three antioxidants protect sperm from free radical damage?

A

Vitamins C, E, and carotenoids

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8
Q

Should a woman try to lose weight during pregnancy?

A

NEVER

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9
Q

Underweight women are at risk of delivering ____, low birth weight, or small babies

A

Preterm

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10
Q

A baby that weighs < ___ lbs at birth is low birthweight

A

<5.5 lbs

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11
Q

Small for gestational age (SGA) babies weigh less than the ___percentile of weight for their gestational age

A

10th percentile

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12
Q

Women who consume ______ reduce the risk of their baby having neural tube defects

A

folic acid

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13
Q

What is the RDA for folic acid at least 1 month prior to conception?

A

400 micrograms daily

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14
Q

What is the RDA for folic acid during pregnancy?

A

600 micrograms

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15
Q

___ to ___ serving of fish a week are safe for pregnant women

A

2 to 3

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16
Q

Eating fish with high levels of ______ can harm the developing nervous system of the fetus

A

methylmercury

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17
Q

Pregnant women should consume <___mg/day of caffiene before and during pregnancy, which is __to__ cups/day

A

<200mg/day
1-2 cups/day

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18
Q

Women who ___ during pregnancy are more likely to weigh less and gain less weight.

A

smoke

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19
Q

Drinking alcohol during pregnancy can lead to _____ and _____

A

FASDs: Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

FAS: fetal alcohol syndrome

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20
Q

Pregnant women should _____ dietary supplements, including botanicals

A

avoid

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21
Q

During the ___trimester, fetus growth involves:
-Liver forming RBCs
-Heart begins beating
-Limbs take shape
-Brain grows rapidly

A

First

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22
Q

The fetus comprises about ___ of the total weight gained by a women during pregnancy, the rest is ________ and ____.

A

1/3
maternal tissues
fluids

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23
Q

Woman at a healthy weight (BMI between ___ and ___) should gain __ to __ lbs

A

BMI between 18.5 and 24.9
25-35 lbs

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24
Q

What is the recommended weight gain for a pregnant woman with a BMI of 25-29.9?

A

15-25 lbs

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25
Q

What is the recommended weight gain for a pregnant woman with a BMI of <18.5?

A

28-40lbs

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26
Q

What is the recommended weight gain for a pregnant women with a BMI of >30?

A

11-20lbs

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27
Q

An increased amount of kcals is ______ needed in the first trimester, but certain _____ should be increased after conception

A

NOT
nutrients

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28
Q

Pregnant women have a __% increase in needs for certain vitamins and minerals

A

50%

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29
Q

Which trace mineral is needed in supplement for during pregnancy?

A

Iron

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30
Q

High fiber foods and coffee/tea should be ____ during pregnancy

A

Avoided

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31
Q

Inhibited absorption of iron during pregnancy increases the need for ___ and ___

A

Zinc and copper

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32
Q

Insufficient vitamin __ during pregnancy can lead to impaired fetal bone formation, hypertension, preterm birth, low birthweight, and gestational diabetes

A

Vitamin D

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33
Q

Vegetarian or vegan women need to be careful about meeting needs for _______ and vitamin ___

A

alpha-linolenic acid and vitamin B12

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34
Q

Excess vitamin __ can be toxic and lead to birth defects

A

Vitamin A

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35
Q

___________ is excessive vomiting during pregnancy that can lead to dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and weight loss

A

hyperemesis gravidarum

36
Q

Is there any scientific evidence supporting the belief that craving certain foods is an indication of nutrient deficiency?

A

NO

37
Q

The bacterium ________ may cause miscarriage, premature labor, low birth weight, developmental problems, and infant death

A

Listeria monocytogenes

38
Q

Women with _____ should avoid aspartame

A

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

39
Q

An additional ___ kcal/day should be consumed in the second trimester

A

340 kcal/daily

40
Q

An additional ___ kcal daily should be consumed during the third trimester

A

450 kcal/daily

41
Q

Pregnant women in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters should gain between ___ and ___ lb weekly

A

0.5 and 1 lb weekly

42
Q

Pregnant women in the 2nd and 3rd trimester should consume a minimum of ___ g carbs daily

A

175 g carbs daily

43
Q

High blood glucose levels can lead to_______

A

gestational diabetes

44
Q

Gestational diabetes can result in _____, which is an abnormally large baby

A

Macrosomia

45
Q

Pregnancy induced hypertension has 3 categories:
1.
2.
3.

A

Gestational hypertension
Preeclampsia: deprives fetus
Eclampsia: seizures

46
Q

What is the only cure for preeclampsia and eclampsia?

A

Delivering the baby

47
Q

What 3 things can be used to treat preeclampsia until the baby can be born safely?

A

Bedrest, medications, and hospitalization

48
Q

Being over the age of __ and under the age of __ can negatively effect a pregnancy

A

Over 35
Under 20

49
Q

The hormone _____ stimulates milk production

A

Prolactin

50
Q

The hormone ______ releases milk for infant to receive through the nipple “___________”

A

Oxytocin
Letdown response

51
Q

Right after birth, breast milk contains ____, a yellowish fluid that is lower in ___ but higher in protein, vitamin A, minerals, and immune factors

A

Colostrum

Fat

52
Q

4-7 days after birth, breast milk is high in lactose, ___, and __ Vitamins… lower in ___-soluble vitamins, ___, and other minerals

A

High in fat

Low in B-vitamins and sodium

53
Q

Breast milk does not provide infants with an adequate intake of _____

A

Vitamin D

54
Q

It is recommended to supplement breast-fed babies with a minimum of ____ IU vitamin D per day… in the form of ____

A

400 IU vitamin D per day in the form of drops

55
Q

The protein _______ protects against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and inflammation by binding with ____ and making it unavailable to the bacteria

A

Lactoferrin binds to iron

56
Q

T or F: breast-fed infants may have greater cognitive function

A

True

57
Q

Two Academies recommend exclusive breast-feeding for the first __ months and then use a combination of appropriate foods during at least the ___ year

A

6 months

first year

58
Q

Breast-feeding mothers require __ cups of fluid per day

A

13 cups per day

59
Q

Breast-feeding mothers need an additional ___kcal per day during the first __ months, but only ___ of those need to come from foods.

A

500 kcal/day
during first 6 months
330 from foods

60
Q

Approx. ___ kcals are mobilized daily from fat that was stored during pregnancy, so only ___ of the additional 500 kcals are needed from foods during the first 6 months after birth

A

170 kcals from fat
330 kcals from foods

61
Q

Breast-feeding mothers need an additional ___ kcals per day during the second __ months

A

400 kcals
6 months

62
Q

Lactating vegan women need adequate amounts of vitamin ___ from dietary supplements and fortified foods

A

Vitamin B12

63
Q

Children in families with a history of _______ may benefit from breast-feeding

A

Food allergies

64
Q

Infants with _____ cannot metabolize lactose and should not be ______

A

galactosemia

breastfed

65
Q

Birth weight ___ by 6 months of age and ______ by __ months of age

A

doubles by 6
triples by 12

66
Q

Baby _____ doubles by one year of age

A

Length

67
Q

____ _____ are used to track physical development of infants

A

Growth charts

68
Q

How many additional kcals are needed during the first trimester?

A

0

69
Q

An infant’s energy needs are ___kcal/kg for the first 6 months of life

A

108 kcal/kg

70
Q

An infant’s carb needs are __ g/day during first 6 months

A

60

71
Q

An infant’s carb needs are __ g/day at 7-12 months

A

95

72
Q

An infant’s protein needs are __ g/day during first 6 months

A

9

73
Q

An infant’s protein needs are __g/day at 7-12 months

A

11

74
Q

Should fat intake be limited for infants?

A

NO

75
Q

Infants requires vitamin __, vitamin __, and ____ supplements

A

Vitamin K, Vitamin D, and iron supplements

76
Q

The milestones that indicate an infant is ready for solid food usually occurs around __-__ months of age

A

4-6 months

77
Q

Feeding honey to an infant can lead to _______, a paralytic illness

A

Infant botulism

78
Q

_______ are proteins that are not broken down by cooking or digestion and enter the body intact, causing an adverse reaction by the immune system

A

Food allergens

79
Q

Two stages of an allergic reaction:

-______: allergens sensitize themselves to the immune system
-_____: occurs when a person eats the food allergens again and reactions appear

A

Sensitization stage
Allergen Reaction stage

80
Q

________ is an adverse reaction to a food that does not involve an immune response

A

Food intolerance

81
Q

___% of children outgrow a peanut allergy

A

20%

82
Q

Morning sickness can be relieved by eating small, frequent meals high in ____

A

Carbohydrates

83
Q

What 3 foods/substances can help relieve morning sickness?

A

Salty foods
Vitamin B6
Ginger

84
Q

the ________ is the releasing of milk from a breast to feed a nursing baby

A

Letdown response

85
Q

At what age is cow’s milk safe for an infant to ingest?

A

12 months

86
Q
A

Nutrition FINAL (3 decks)

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