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Final Bio Exam > Ch 17: Gene Expression from Gene to Protein > Flashcards

Ch 17: Gene Expression from Gene to Protein Flashcards

1
Q

What is gene expression?

A

the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product that enables it to produce and products, proteins or non-coding RNA, and affect a phenotype

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2
Q

What are the two processes in gene expression?

A

transcription and translation

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3
Q

What does DNA dictate?

A

the synthesis of proteins

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4
Q

What do proteins link?

A

genotype and phenotype

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5
Q

What is the one-gene-one enzyme hypothesis?

A

the function of a gene is to dictate production of a specific enzyme

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6
Q

What is the newest name for the one-gene-one protein hypothesis?

A

it is now restated as the one-gene-one polypeptide hypothesis

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6
Q

What did Archibald Garrod first suggest?

A

he suggested that genes dictate phenotypes through enzymes that catalyze specific chemical reactions

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7
Q

What is translation?

A

the synthesis of a polypeptide using information in the mRNA

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7
Q

What is RNA?

A

the bridge between genes and protein synthesis

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8
Q

What is transcription?

A

the synthesis of RNA using information in DNA

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8
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

in the nucleus

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9
Q

What does transcription produce?

A

mRNA and primary transcripts

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10
Q

Where does translation take place?

A

in the cytoplasm (ribosomes)

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11
Q

How many total amino acids are there?

A

only 20 amino acids

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12
Q

What is the flow of information from gene to protein based on?

A

the reading of a codon, or a triplet code

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13
Q

What is a template strand?

A

template for ordering the sequence of complementary nucleotides in an RNA transcript

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14
Q

During translation, what direction are the codons read?

A

5’ —-> 3’

15
Q

What is a coding strand?

A

nontemplate strand, nucleotides are identical to codons except that T is present in the DNA in place of U in the RNA

16
Q

What are the two type of amino acids?

A

61 code for amino acids, while only 3 are “stop” signals that end transcription

17
Q

What is the reading frame?

A

the correct order in which the codons must be read in for the specified polypeptide to be produced

17
Q

What is the function of the RNA polymerase?

A

catalyzes RNA synthesis, pries the DNA strands apart, and joins together RNA nucleotides

17
Q

What is the one difference between DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase?

A

RNA polymerase does not need a primer

18
Q

What is a start point?

A

an area that is signaled by a promoter for transcription to start

18
Q

What is a promoter?

A

a specific nucleotide sequence in the DNA of a gene that binds RNA polymerase, positioning it to start transcribing RNA at an appropriate place

18
Q

What is a terminator?

A

specific sequences of DNA that end transcriptions

18
Q

What is a transcription unit?

A

a region of DNA that is transcribed into an RNA molecule

18
Q

What are the three stages of transcription?

A

initiation, elongation, termination

19
Q

What is a TATA box?

A

a promoter that is crucial in forming the initiation complex in eukaryotes

19
Q

What are the functions of transcription factors?

A

they guide the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcription

20
Q

What is a transcription initiation complex?

A

the completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase II bound to a promoter

21
Q

What end of an RNA strand are nucleotides added to?

A

the 3’ end

22
Q

What is RNA processing in Eukaryotic cells?

A

enzymes in the eukaryotic nucleus modify pre-mRNA before the genetic messages move to the cytoplasm where certain interior sections of the molecule are cut out and the remaining parts spliced together

23
Q

How are each end of a pre-mRNA molecule modified?

A

the 5’ end receives a modified nucleotide 5’ cap and the 3’ end gets a poly-A tail

24
Q

What are the functions of a 5’cap and a poly-A tail?

A

they seem to facilitate the export of mRNA to the cytoplasm, they protect mRNA from hydrolytic enzymes, and they help ribosomes attach to 5’ end

25
Q

What are introns?

A

non-coding stretches of nucleotides

26
Q

What are exons?

A

non-coding stretches of nucleotides that are eventually expressed and translated into amino acid sequences

27
Q

What are spliceosomes?

A

they remove introns, made of proteins and several small RNAs that recognize the splice sites

28
Q

What are ribozymes?

A

catalytic RNA molecules that function as enzymes and can splice RNA

29
Q

What are the three properties of RNA that enable it to function as an enzyme?

A

it can form a three-dimensional structure because of its ability to bas-pair, some bases in RNA contain functional groups that participate in catalysis, and RNA make hydrogen bonds with other nucleic acid molecules

30
Q

What is alternative RNA splicing?

A

some genes encode more than one kind of polypeptide depending on which segment is treated as exon during splicing

31
Q

What are domains?

A

modular structures in proteins that consist of regions

32
Q

What is exon shuffling?

A

it may result in the evolution of new proteins by mixing and matching exons between different genes

Final Bio Exam (4 decks)

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