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ch 17- Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is the internal transport system of the body?

A

Blood

Blood is responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes.

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2
Q

List the three main functions of blood.

A
  • Transport
  • Regulation
  • Protection
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3
Q

What does blood transport to cells?

A

Oxygen (O2) and nutrients

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4
Q

How does blood help in regulation?

A
  • Maintains body temperature
  • Maintains normal pH
  • Maintains fluid volume
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5
Q

What are the protective functions of blood?

A
  • Prevents blood loss
  • Prevents infection
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6
Q

What are the formed elements in blood?

A
  • Red blood cells (RBCs or erythrocytes)
  • White blood cells (WBCs or leukocytes)
  • Platelets
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7
Q

What is the color of blood when it is oxygen-rich?

A

Scarlet (bright) red

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8
Q

What is the color of blood when it is oxygen-poor?

A

Dark red

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9
Q

What is the average blood volume in men?

A

5-6 liters

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10
Q

What is the average blood volume in women?

A

4-5 liters

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11
Q

What is the pH range of blood?

A

7.35–7.45

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12
Q

What percentage of blood plasma is water?

A

90%

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13
Q

What are the main components of blood plasma?

A
  • Nutrients
  • Gases
  • Hormones
  • Wastes
  • Proteins
  • Inorganic ions
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14
Q

What is the most abundant plasma protein?

A

Albumin

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15
Q

What are the major functions of albumin?

A
  • Blood buffer
  • Carrier for certain molecules
  • Contributes to plasma osmotic pressure
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16
Q

What are the two major categories of leukocytes?

A
  • Granulocytes
  • Agranulocytes
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17
Q

What are the types of granulocytes?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
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18
Q

What are the types of agranulocytes?

A
  • Lymphocytes
  • Monocytes
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19
Q

What mnemonic helps remember the order of leukocyte abundance?

A

Never let monkeys eat bananas

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20
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

Formation of blood cells

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21
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur?

A

Red bone marrow

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22
Q

What hormone stimulates erythropoiesis?

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

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23
Q

What dietary requirements are essential for erythropoiesis?

A
  • Iron
  • Amino acids
  • Certain B vitamins
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24
Q

What is the life span of red blood cells (RBCs)?

A

100–120 days

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25
What is anemia?
Blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity too low to support normal metabolism
26
What are the three groups of causes for anemia?
* Blood loss * Not enough RBCs produced * Too many RBCs being destroyed
27
What is polycythemia?
Abnormal excess of RBCs
28
What is the treatment for polycythemia vera?
Therapeutic phlebotomy
29
What condition results from a lack of EPO?
Renal anemia
30
What is the primary function of leukocytes?
Defend the body against disease
31
What are the five types of leukocytes?
Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils
32
What are granulocytes?
Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
33
What is the shape of granulocyte nuclei?
Lobed, rather than circular
34
How do granulocytes compare in size and lifespan to red blood cells?
Larger and shorter-lived than RBCs
35
What do granulocytes contain when stained with Wright’s stain?
Visible cytoplasmic granules
36
What percentage of WBCs do neutrophils account for?
50–70%
37
What enzymes do neutrophils' granules contain?
Hydrolytic enzymes (lysosomes) and antimicrobial proteins called defensins
38
What is the primary function of neutrophils?
Highly phagocytic 'bacteria slayers'
39
What is the appearance of eosinophils' nucleus?
Two lobes connected by a broad band
40
What do eosinophils primarily destroy?
Parasitic worms
41
What chemical do basophils release?
Histamine
42
What is the function of histamine released by basophils?
Vasodilates and attracts WBCs to inflamed sites
43
What type of cells do lymphocytes include?
T lymphocytes (T cells) and B lymphocytes (B cells)
44
What role do T lymphocytes play?
Act against virus-infected cells and tumor cells
45
What do B lymphocytes give rise to?
Plasma cells that produce antibodies
46
What do monocytes differentiate into after leaving circulation?
Macrophages
47
What stimulates leukopoiesis?
Two groups of chemical messengers: interleukins and colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)
48
What is the precursor to lymphocytes?
Lymphoid stem cells
49
What is leukopenia?
An abnormally low WBC count
50
What are leukemias?
Group of cancerous conditions involving overproduction of abnormal WBCs
51
What are the two types of leukemia based on progression?
Acute and Chronic
52
What is the primary cause of death in untreated leukemias?
Internal hemorrhage or overwhelming infections
53
What is infectious mononucleosis commonly known as?
The 'kissing disease'
54
What are the primary functions of platelets?
Form temporary platelet plug to seal breaks in blood vessel walls
55
What is thrombopoiesis?
The formation of platelets
56
What regulates thrombopoiesis?
Thrombopoietin
57
Where are platelets formed?
Bone marrow
58
What is hemostasis?
The rapid series of reactions that stop bleeding
59
What are the three steps involved in hemostasis?
Step 1: Vascular spasm, Step 2: Platelet plug formation, Step 3: Coagulation
60
What triggers vascular spasm?
Direct injury to vascular smooth muscle, chemicals from endothelial cells, pain reflexes
61
What is the role of von Willebrand factor in platelet plug formation?
Stabilizes bound platelets by forming a bridge between collagen and platelets
62
What is the end point of coagulation?
A fibrin mesh that traps blood cells and seals the hole
63
What is the common pathway in coagulation?
Involves factor I (fibrinogen) and factor II (prothrombin)
64
What are the two pathways of coagulation?
Intrinsic pathway and extrinsic pathway
65
What is the primary function of thrombin in coagulation?
Converts fibrinogen to fibrin
66
What vitamin is needed for the synthesis of clotting factors?
Vitamin K
67
What is the function of calcium ions in coagulation?
Needed for essentially all stages of the coagulation process
68
What are platelets?
Cell fragments involved in blood clotting ## Footnote Also known as thrombocytes.
69
What is the common pathway in blood clotting?
Both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways converge to form a clot ## Footnote It is essential for the final stages of coagulation.
70
How many clotting factors are there?
Thirteen ## Footnote Each factor has a specific function in the coagulation process.
71
What is Proconvertin?
Factor VII; a plasma protein synthesized in the liver ## Footnote It is part of the extrinsic pathway.
72
What is the function of Antihemophilic factor (AHF)?
Factor VIII; deficiency results in hemophilia A ## Footnote It is synthesized in the liver and lung capillaries.
73
What does deficiency of Factor IX lead to?
Hemophilia B ## Footnote Factor IX is also known as plasma thromboplastin component (PTC).
74
What is the Stuart factor?
Factor X; a plasma protein synthesized in the liver ## Footnote It is involved in the common pathway of coagulation.
75
What is the role of Fibrin stabilizing factor (FSF)?
Cross-links fibrin, forming a strong, stable clot ## Footnote It is also known as Factor XIII.
76
What is clot retraction?
Contraction of actin and myosin in platelets pulls on fibrin strands ## Footnote This process helps to draw ruptured blood vessel edges together.
77
What initiates fibrinolysis?
Plasminogen becomes plasmin, a fibrin-digesting enzyme ## Footnote Activation occurs through tissue plasminogen activator (tPA).
78
True or False: Clot growth is limited by the swift removal and dilution of clotting factors.
True ## Footnote Inhibition of activated clotting factors also plays a role.
79
What are thromboembolic disorders?
Disorders resulting in undesirable clot formation ## Footnote They can lead to conditions like thrombosis.
80
What is thrombocytopenia?
Deficient number of circulating platelets ## Footnote It can cause spontaneous bleeding, known as petechiae.
81
What is the most common type of hemophilia?
Hemophilia A ## Footnote It is due to a deficiency of factor VIII.
82
What is the universal donor blood type?
Type O ## Footnote It has no A or B antigens.
83
What is the Rh factor?
Presence of D antigen on red blood cells ## Footnote Rh+ indicates the presence of this antigen.
84
What happens during a transfusion reaction?
Recipient's plasma antibodies attack donor's RBCs ## Footnote This can lead to hemolysis and renal failure.
85
What is blood typing?
Determining blood groups of both donor and recipient ## Footnote It involves mixing blood with antibodies against common antigens.
86
What is prothrombin time (PT)?
A test that assesses hemostasis ## Footnote PT is compared to control values and reported as international normalized ratio (INR).
87
What does a complete blood count (CBC) check?
Formed elements, hematocrit, hemoglobin ## Footnote It provides a comprehensive overview of blood health.

ap 2 (2 decks)

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