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APES per 8 health hazards > Ch 17 > Flashcards

Ch 17 Flashcards

1
Q

What is polyvinyl chloride?

A

PVC is a tough chemically resistant synthetic resin made my polymerizing vinyl chloride. PVC is used in a variety of applications, building and construction, health care, electronics, automobiles, and other sectors including products ranging from piping and siding, blood bags and tubing and wire and cable insulation.

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2
Q

What is the chemical formula of nitrous acid?

A

HNO2

Water vapor in the air reacts with nitrogen oxide (NO) or nitrogen dioxide (NO2) to form nitrous acid.

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3
Q

This category includes chemicals such as DDT or PCBs

A

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)

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4
Q

What causes pneumonia?

A

Pneumonia is caused by either a viral or bacterial pathogen. The bacterial pathogen, pneumoniae, is prevented by the pneumococcal vaccine.

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5
Q

What are phthalates? (Definition)

A

A family of chemical compounds used most commonly as a plasticizer.

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6
Q

Arsenic

A

Chemical that comes from volcanoes
Found in tobacco, pesticides,
Can cause skin and lung cancer

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7
Q

What is Asbestos

A

Chemical
Comes from metamorphic rock (Western Hemisphere of US). Found in different fire-resistant insulating materials like cement roofing for outbuildings, warehouses, or garages.
Consequences: Affects humans when inhaled. Lightweight chemicals can be inhaled which will cause Fibrotic Lung Disease, Lung Cancer, Cancer of the Gastronomic Track, Kidney Cancer, and Thyroid Cancer.

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8
Q

May cause cancer.
Hormone disruptor, increases chance for miscarriages
When in water, has shown to cause frogs to become hermaphrodites
Manufactured mainly by Syngenta

A

Atrazine (effects)

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9
Q

What hazard is caused by Yersinia Pestis?

A

Plague

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10
Q

What are PCBs?

A

Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) are man made organic chemicals with carbon, hydrogen, and chlorine atoms. They have varying consistencies from light colored liquids to dark waxy solids, so they range in toxicity. They have high stability, and are non flammable.

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11
Q

How is the plague transmitted?

A

Through rodents and fleas that have this bacteria.

If someone has pneumonic plague, it can be transmitted through droplets in the air when they cough, sneeze, or talk.

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12
Q

BPA

A

Comes from Epoxy resin
Spreads through air, dust, and water
Can cause infertility, obesity, diabetes, heart disease, heart attacks, growth/reproduction impacts

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13
Q

Benzene

A

Chemical.
Causes: Outdoors from car exhaust, industrial fumes, gas stations, glues, paints, furniture wax, detergents.
Consequences: Contaminate water-make wildlife sick-prevent reproduction. Causes dizziness, headaches, confusion, death, tissue injury.

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14
Q

Mercury

A

A chemical that sticks to common surfaces and can be released into the environment by power plants, dentist offices, hospitals and factories. It can be ingested, inhaled or absorbed. Inhaling it can cause the worst health effects since it can reach the brain.

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15
Q

Lead

A

A chemical that can be spread through the air or water and be found in soil, jewelry, toys, workplaces, and homes as paint. Can be transmitted by inhalation, ingestion or dermal absorption. Can cause Behavioral and learning problems, slower growth, hearing problems, anemia, premature babies, badly formed brain, kidneys, and nervous system, increased blood pressure, hypertension, decreased kidney function, and reproductive problems.

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16
Q

Measles

A

A virus that came from cattle and can be transmitted by coughing, sneezing, inhaling, touching infected surfaces and it can contaminate the air for up to 2 hours. It can cause high fever, red, watery eyes, conjunctivitis, a suppressed immune system, and lead to pneumonia.

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17
Q

MERS

A

it is a viral respiratory illness spread through close contact with infectious people or infected animals like camels. Symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath, as well as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

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18
Q

What are the causes and effects of malaria?

A

It is a protist disease caused and transmitted from mosquitoes to humans that is common in tropical and subtropical climates. In humans, the effects include high fever, nausea, anemia, and organ dysfunction.

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19
Q

Manmade herbicide of the triazine class
Chemical formula C8H14ClN5
Water soluble
Used on corn, sugarcane, pineapple, evergreen forests.

A

Atrazine (properties)

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20
Q

Where are PCBs found, and how can they be transmitted?

A

They are used in many products, like oil for motor and hydraulic systems, electrical devices with PCB capacitors, fluorescent lights, cable installation, some varieties of plastic, and floor finish. They can also contaminate food, because they are found in many industrial products. Fish, meat, and dairy products may have PCB contamination, and they can also be found in leaks in electrical transformers and poor waste disposal practices.

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21
Q

What is Cholera?

A

A bacterial disease caused by the bacteria Vibrio Cholerae

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22
Q

Cholera Symptoms

A

Nausea, diarrhea, dehydration, and vomiting

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23
Q

Cholera Transmission

A

Cholera is transmitted throught contaminated water or food

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24
Q

What are phthalates most commonly found?

A

Phthalates are most commonly used as solvents for other materials. Such as some detergents, plastic clothes such as raincoats, and in the material of plastic containers.

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25
Q

What are some long-lasting health effects of phthalates?

A

phthalates have been linked to asthma, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, breast cancer, obesity, and type II diabetes over the years.

26
Q

How is the West Nile Virus transmitted?

A

The West Nile Virus is transmitted when an infected organism bites a human or comes into contact with contaminated tissues /fluids

27
Q

What organisms are involved in the transmission of the West Nile Virus?

A

A transmitted bird can infect a mosquito or vice versa. The mosquito then infects its host, which can be human, horse, or dog.

28
Q

What disease does this describe? An organism bites a bird, then bites a human and the human can experience side effects including: fever confusion, muscle weakness, coma, neurological disease, and death.

A

West Nile Virus

29
Q

How are you exposed to pneumonia?

A

Pneumonia can developed after a viral cold or flu, or from inhalation of contaminated air droplets from a cough or sneeze of another infected person. You can also contract pneumonia from the blood of an infected mother before or after childbirth.

30
Q

What does pneumonia do to you?

A

Pneumonia causes your lungs and airway sacks to become inflamed and filled with fluid and puss, therefore it’s hard to breathe and get oxygen into your lungs. Pneumonia also causes fever, cough, and chills.

31
Q

This group of chemicals enter the environment through the improper use or disposal of industrial and agrochemicals

A

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)

32
Q

What are some of the health effects of POPs

A

Allergies, hypersensitivity, developmental changes, damage to endocrine, nervous, and reproductive systems.

33
Q

What is DDT

A

Pesticide that is sprayed on crops that became infamous for its environmental impacts

34
Q

How is tuberculosis spread?

A

Tuberculosis is spread from person to person through coughing, sneezing, or talking.

35
Q

Why is tuberculosis a “silent epidemic”?

A

It has infected over ⅓ of the world but because it is not prominent in the US, many people do not know about it. People can be asymptomatic and still spread the illness. The poorer countries suffering from Tb are unable to fight it off which is why it remains a major problem.

36
Q

What are some prominent symptoms of tuberculosis if the affected person shows them?

A

Coughing, difficulty breathing, fever, fatigue, sweats, unexpected weight loss

37
Q

What is one of the most apparent side effects of Zika?

A

Zika is most commonly known to interfere with brain development in fetuses. This can lead to many other issues for the child throughout their life.

38
Q

In what types of places is the zika virus more prominent?

A

It spreads more in warm and deforested areas because the mosquitos are able to lay more eggs.

39
Q

If a pregnant woman is bitten by an infected mosquito, the infection can cross the placenta, infecting the fetus. What disease is this?

A

Zika virus

40
Q

What are the human and environmental effects of PCBs?

A

Not only do they cause cancer in animals and pollute the environment to impact more organisms, PCBs can impact the human body as well. They disrupt several systems, including the immune system, reproductive system, nervous system, and the endocrine system. While the production of PCBs was restricted in 1976 and banned in 1979, they are still found in some products today and they continue to impact a variety of organisms.

41
Q

What is nitrous oxides effect on the human body specifically?

A

Irritation of the eyes, nose and throat, aggravated lung aliments (asthma or bronchitis) and the possibility of reduced visibility.

42
Q

This chemical is not directly produced from the burning of fossil fuels. However, NO and NO2 are. When these chemicals bond with water, a harmful acid is produced. What is this hazard?

A

Nitrous Acid

43
Q

What is a prominent symptom of septicemic plague?

A

Skin turns black and dies

44
Q

What other disease is known to have the same type of virus as that of SARS?

A

MERS which is another type of coronavirus

45
Q

How is SARS transmitted?

A

When an infected organism bites a human. It is also transmitted when someone comes in contact with contaminated fluids or tissues

46
Q

What are some side effects of SARS?

A

SARS causes high fevers, headaches, diarrhea, and even death. It indirectly causes lockdowns when enough people become infected.

47
Q

How is DDT Transmitted?

A

DDT is transmitted when it’s sprayed on crops and through eating or touching. It can also spread through meat and fish

48
Q

How is PVC transmitted?

A

PVC contains dangerous chemical additives including lead, that can leach out or evaporate into the air over time

49
Q

What are the health effects of PVC?

A

The buildup of PVC toxins contributes to severe health problems, including cancer, immune system damage, and hormone distruption.

50
Q

What are the symptoms of DDT poisoning?

A

Carcinogen, Vomiting

Tremors, Seizures

51
Q

What is Dioxin and how is it created?

A

It is a by-product of burning garbage. It can be created within iron and steel factories as well. It is absorbed through plants and soil

52
Q

How can Dioxin affect environment and humans?

A

It can lead to plants becoming more toxic which can lead to animals getting poisoned. As a result this chemical can also transfer on to humans from the by products of animals such as cows and chicken

53
Q

Dioxin Symptoms?

A

Dioxin can lead to liver damage, heart problems and reduced reproductive capacity

54
Q

Where does radon come from?

A

Radon comes from the breakdown of naturally-occurring radioactive elements in soil and rocks. As they decay, radon gas is produced.

55
Q

How are people exposed to radon?

A

People are exposed to radon from breathing it in from cracks in their homes/buildings.

56
Q

Health effects of radon

A

Radon gas particles get trapped in the lungs, and the build up over time. After breathing in small amounts people can experience coughing and trouble breathing, but this can develop into lung cancer.

57
Q

What are some symptoms of Formaldehyde exposure?

A

Watery Eyes
Burning sensation in eyes
Skin Irritation
nausea

58
Q

What is Formaldehyde?

A

a pure compound gas that is colorless, the chemical formula is CH2O

59
Q

What are Phthalates used for?

A

plasticizers used to make plastics and other structures more sturdy.

60
Q

How are people exposed to Phthalates?

A

exposure to phthalates by eating and drinking foods that have been in contact with containers and products containing phthalates.

61
Q

What are the long-lasting health effects of Phthalates

A

Some health effects include asthma, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, breast cancer, obesity and type II diabetes.

APES per 8 health hazards (1 decks)

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