Ch. 17 Flashcards
Analyses on neuroscience research covered in the media have shown which of the following:
A: People encounter neuroscience research mainly in popular non-fiction books written by neuroscientists
B: Neuroscientists are pleased with how neuroscience research is covered in the media
C: The media typically report neuroscience findings with high levels of accuracy
D: The general public has a nuanced understanding of the limitations of neuroscience
D: The general public has a nuanced understanding of the limitations of neuroscience
Which neuroscience topics are people most interested in learning about?
A: Pharmaceutical cognitive enhancements
B: Sex differences between women and men
C: Memory
D: Intelligence
C: Memory
Explanations for human behaviour are more persuasive when they contain neuroscience information even if that information is irrelevant. Research into this phenomenon supported which of the following:
A: Hard science explanations are just as persuasive as neuroscience explanations
B: Undergraduates who completed a neuroscience course were not duped by irrelevant neuroscience information
C: Graduate students and postdocs rated good explanations containing irrelevant neuroscience information as worse than bad explanations with irrelevant information
D: Explanations were more persuasive when they contained an equation to explain behavior regardless of its relevance
C: Graduate students and postdocs rated good explanations containing irrelevant neuroscience information as worse than bad explanations with irrelevant information
Research has shown that people exhibit which of the following cognitive biases when they encounter neuroscience information:
A: They underestimate the impact of the neuroscience explanation on human behavior
B: They endorse neuroscience information that conforms to their pre-existing beliefs
C: They make more assumptions about people’s fundamental attributes
D: They discount the importance of behavior in the near future vs. distant future
B: They endorse neuroscience information that conforms to their pre-existing beliefs
Neuroscience can be applied in the education system to help students with diverse learning needs. Which of the following was found to be potentially useful for early detection of dyslexia in children?
A: Larger ERN component for visually presented words vs. symbols
B: Larger left frontal lateralization activation for visually presented words vs. symbols
C: Larger P300 component for visually presented words vs. symbols
D: Larger N1 component for visually presented words vs. symbols
D: Larger N1 component for visually presented words vs. symbols
Research on the role of socioeconomic status (SES) and brain function have found which of the following
A: Only the lowest levels of SES affect cognitive performance and brain anatomy
B: Lags in neuroanatomical development related to SES accounted for around 35% of the differences in test performance
C: Children from low SES backgrounds showed hyperactivation of ERP components related to attention
D: Children from low SES backgrounds have decreased gray-matter volume in their hippocampus and temporal lobes
D: Children from low SES backgrounds have decreased gray-matter volume in their hippocampus and temporal lobes
Which of the following is NOT a likely mechanism to explanation SES-related differences?
A: Malnutrition
B: Linguistic overstimulation
C: Reduced language input
D: Stressful environment
B: Linguistic overstimulation
Stress has been show to play a large role in the neurodevelopment effects of low SES in children. Which of the following brain areas has been show to be especially impacted by stress?
A: Inferior occipital gyrus
B: Left temporal cortex
C: Intraparietal sulcus
D: Prefrontal cortex
D: Prefrontal cortex
Studies on the effects of chronic stress have found which of the following?
A: chronic stress is related to small, but enduring changes in sensory acuity
B: Chronic stress is related to transient performance improvements
C: Chronic stress is related to elevated levels of cortisol
D: Chronic stress interventions are only effective for young children
C: Chronic stress is related to elevated levels of cortisol
Which of the following best captures the differences in the meaning of “evidence” for neuroscience research versus the courtroom?
A. Science produces definitive answers whereas courtroom evidence is murky
B. Scientists tend think in terms of probability, whereas a jury must issue a categorical judgment (guilty or not guilty).
C. Scientists consider all the variables involved in individual cases, whereas judges must draw general conclusions about human nature
D. Scientists are more experienced than judges in thinking about “the burden of proof”
B. Scientists tend think in terms of probability, whereas a jury must issue a categorical judgment (guilty or not guilty).
Which of the following results has been used to support the idea that adolescents should not be tried as adults for crimes?
A: Adolescent brains are not mature enough to make rapid moral evaluations
B: Memory consolation is slower in adolescent brains resulting in reduced planning abilities
C: Adolescents have underdeveloped prefrontal cortices and reduced executive control
D: Adolescent brains have decreased pain integration abilities
C: Adolescents have underdeveloped prefrontal cortices and reduced executive control
One of the limitations of neuroscience in aiding judicial proceedings is which of the following?
A: Neuroscience can reveal brain aberrations that can explain someone’s actions, which may be unethically used to convict.
B: There are large natural variations in structure and function making abnormal or normal designations unrealistic.
C: Juries are more lenient when neuroscience information is used to explain someone’s behavior
D: Neuroscience in courts is disproportionately used for low SES defendants and may bias the jury
B: There are large natural variations in structure and function making abnormal or normal designations unrealistic.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been used to improve cognitive performance by focusing controlling activity in which area?
A: Rostral anterior cingulate cortex
B: Orbitofrontal cortex
C: Left amygdala
D: Dorsal hippocampus
A: Rostral anterior cingulate cortex
Brain-machine interfaces are currently used for which of the following?
A: Allowing people who have been paralyzed to move
B: Improve technology user experiences
C: Detecting people’s preferences for certain products
D: Allowing researchers to assess cognitive impairments for intervention purposes
A: Allowing people who have been paralyzed to move
What is the dual-use dilemma?
A: When a methodology is used differently by researchers, which makes standardization difficult
B: That any technology or advancement can be used for both good and bad purposes
C: Experimental results are often interpreted and used in opposing ways, making consensus difficult
D: Different cultures have different opinions about how to use scientific information or technology
B: That any technology or advancement can be used for both good and bad purposes
