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BI 232 Wk 3-4 Ch 16 & Ex 11-12 Olfactory, Hearing, and Equilibrium > Ch 16 Vision > Flashcards

Ch 16 Vision Flashcards

1
Q

Neural layers of the eye

A

fibrous and vascular layer

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2
Q

What does the fibrous layer contain

A

sclera and the cornea

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3
Q

What does the vascular layer contain

A

iris, ciliary body, and the choroid

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4
Q

Lacrimal gland function

A

produces tears

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5
Q

Conjunctiva function

A

mucous membrane covering the anterior surface of the eyeball and inner eyelid, palpebral conjunctiva (inner eyelid) and bulbar conjunctiva (anterior surface of eye)

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6
Q

Palpebrae function

A

eyelids, keeps eye surface lubricated and clean

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7
Q

Eyelashes function

A

prevent foreign matter from entering the eye

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8
Q

Tarsal glands function

A

secrete lipids that prevent eyelids from sticking together

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9
Q

Lacrimal caruncle function

A

glands that produce thick secretions

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10
Q

What makes tears?

A

lacrimal gland

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11
Q

Route of tears

A
  • lacrimal gland produces tears and they combine with secretions of accessory glands and tarsal glands
  • tears spread across conjunctiva via blinking
  • tears collect in lacrimal lake at medial angle
  • lacrimal puncta drains the tears
  • tears empty into the lacrimal canaliculi
  • empties into lacrimal sac
  • travels from nasolacrimal duct to nasal cavity
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12
Q

Lacrimal lake

A

area where tears are collected before drainage

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13
Q

Lacrimal puncta

A

tiny pore on the inner waterline where tears enter the drainage system

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14
Q

Lacrimal canaliculi

A

short duct that connects the punctum to the lacrimal sac

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15
Q

Lacrimal sac

A

receives tears from the canaliculi and connects to nasolacrimal duct

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16
Q

Chambers of the anterior cavity

A

anterior chamber and posterior chamber

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17
Q

What liquid is found in the anterior cavity

A

aqueous humor

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18
Q

What liquid is found in the posterior cavity

A

vitreous humor

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19
Q

Aqueous humor

A

serous fluid located in the anterior cavity of the eyeball

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20
Q

Vitreous humor

A

transparent jelly that fills the posterior cavity

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21
Q

3 layers of the eye

A

fibrous layer, vascular layer, inner layer

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22
Q

What structures are in the fibrous layer?

A

sclera and cornea

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23
Q

What structures are in the vascular layer?

A

choroid, ciliary body, iris

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24
Q

What structures are in the inner layer?

A

retina

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25
Layers of the retina layer
pigmented layer and the neural layer
26
Pigmented layer function
absorbs light that passes through the neural layer
27
Neural layer function
contains neurons, supporting cells, and photoreceptors
28
Sclera function
white of the eye
29
Cornea function
transparent anterior region of the eye that admits light into the eye
30
Choroid function
highly vascular layer behind the retina
31
Iris function
adjustable diaphragm that controls the diameter of the pupil
32
Ciliary body function
thickened extension of the choroid that forms a muscular ring around the lens
33
Ciliary muscles function
muscle contraction and lens shape change
34
Ciliary processes function
secretes aqueous humor
35
How do pupils dilate?
sympathetic nervous system signals the smooth muscle cells around the pupil to widen the pupil and increase light entering the eye
36
How do pupils constrict?
parasympathetic nervous system signals the smooth muscle cells around the pupil to constrict and reduce light entering the eye
37
Which cranial nerve provides instructions for pupil dilation and constriction?
oculomotor nerve III
38
Cells in the retina
rods, cones, horizontal/amacrine cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells
39
What are the two photoreceptors?
rods and cones
40
Rods function
detects absence and presence of photons; gray vision
41
Cones function
provides information about wavelengths of color photons; color vision
42
Horizontal cells function
helps enhance perception of contrast
43
Amacrine cells function
helps process changes in light intensity
44
Bipolar cells function
synapse with rods and cones
45
Ganglion cells function
synapse with bipolar cells
46
Macula lutea definition
patch of cells located directly posterior to the center of the lens
47
Fovea definition
tiny pit in the center of the macula lutea
48
Optic disc definition
point where nerve fibers from all regions of the retina converge
49
What is the blind spot?
area in vision where no information can be detected
50
Why does the optic disc create a blind spot?
it has no receptor cells
51
What is refraction?
bending of light
52
What structures in the eye cause refraction of light?
cornea and lens
53
How does the lens help light focus correctly?
after the light passes through the cornea, the lens fine-tunes the image
54
What controls the shape of the lens?
ciliary muscles
55
What is accommodation?
change in the curvature of the lens that enables you to focus on a nearby object
56
What happens to the lens during close vision?
the ciliary muscles contract and the lens becomes thicker
57
What happens to the lens during distant vision?
the ciliary muscles relax and the lens becomes thinner
58
Astigmatism definition
visual image distortion due to the cornea not refracting light properly
59
Visual acuity definition
clarity of vision
60
Scotoma definition
abnormal, permanent blind spot
61
Myopia definition
near sighted; can't see distant objects clearly
62
How is myopia corrected?
with diverging, concave lens: thin in the middle
63
Hyperopia definition
far sighted; can't see nearby objects clearly
64
How is hyperopia corrected?
with a converging, convex lens: thick in the middle
65
What is rhodopsin?
the visual pigment of rods
66
Where is rhodopsin found?
rods
67
What is rhodopsin made of
opsin and retinal
68
What is bleaching?
process of rhodopsin going from violet to colorless
69
What happens when we see in bright light?
- rhodopsin absorbs light - glutamate secretion ceases - bipolar cell no longer inhibited - bipolar cell releases neurotransmitter - signal in optic nerve fiber
70
What happens when we see in the dark?
- rhodopsin absorbs no light - rod cell releases glutamate - bipolar cell inhibited - no synaptic activity - no signal in optic nerve fiber
71
Pathway of vision
- rhodopsin in rod or cone absorbs photon - retinal changed from cis to trans - opsin activated - signaling cascade (relay) - gated sodium ion channels close - decrease of neurotransmitter released to bipolar cell

BI 232 Wk 3-4 Ch 16 & Ex 11-12 Olfactory, Hearing, and Equilibrium (6 decks)

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