CH. 16 RESPIRATORY EMERGENCIES Flashcards by Nicholas de Guzman

a collection of pus in a sac, formed by necrotic tissues and an accumulation of white blood cells

abscess

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a type of breath sound that occurs in addition to the normal breath sounds; crackles and wheezes

adventitious

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the saclike units at the end of the bronchioles where gas exchange takes place

alveoli

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a vascular reaction that may have an allergic cause and my result in profound swelling of the tongue and lips

angioedema

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one of the paired, pitcher shaped cartilages at the back of the larynx, at the upper border of the cricoid cartilage

arytenoid cartilage

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the drawing in and out by suction. Food, liquids or foreign objects can come back up when the patient is unable to protect his or her airway

aspiration

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the collapse of the alveolar air spaces of the lungs

atelectasis

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a pharmacologic agent that stimulates the beta-2 receptor sites found in smooth muscle; includes common bronchodilators such as albuterol and levalbuterol

beta-2 agonists

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poisoning from eating food containing botulinum toxin

botulism

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sever constriction of the bronchial tree

bronchospasm

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deep cyanosis of the face and neck and across the chest and back; associated with little or no blood flow

cape cyanosis

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a ridgelike projection of tracheal cartilage located where the trachea bifurcates in the right and left mainstream bronchi

carina

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contorted position of the hand or foot in which the fingers or toes flex in a clawlike manner; may result from hyperventilation

carpopedal spasm

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a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the bronchi that is characterized by excessive mucus production as a result of overgrowth of the mucus glands in the airways

chronic bronchitis

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the hairlike microtubule projections on the surface of a cell that can move materials over the cell surface

cilia

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heart disease that develops because of chronic lung disease, affecting primarily the right side of the heart

cor pulmonale

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the abnormal breath sounds that have a fine, crackling quality; called rales

crackles

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the ringlike cartilage forming the lower and back part of the larynx

cricoid cartilage

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the membrane between the cricoid and thyroid cartilages of the larynx

cricothyroid membrane

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a common disease of childhood due to upper airway obstruction and characterized by stridor, hoarseness, and a barking cough

croup

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the portion of the tidal volume that does not reach the alveoli and thus does not participate in gas exchange

dead space

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the production of large amounts of urine by the kidney

diuresis

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the infiltration of any tissue by air or gas; a COPD characterized by dissension of the alveoli and destructive changes in the lung parenchyma

emphysema

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the CO2 contained in the last few millimeters of exhaled air; the unit of measure is a percentage

end tidal CO2

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nosebleed

epistaxis

a sitting position with the head elevated to 90 degrees (sitting straight up)

fowler's position

the process by which oxygen depleted blood from the pulmonary circulation releases carbon dioxide and is enriched with oxygen; occurs by diffusion at the interface of the alveoli and pulmonary capillary bed; newly oxygen enriched blood enters the cardiac circulation for distribution to the body's tissue

gas exchange

the vocal cords and the opening between them

glottis

the mucus producing cells found mainly in the respiratory and intestinal tracts

goblet cells

a mesh filter placed in the inferior vena cava to catch blood clots in patients who are at high risk of pulmonary embolus

greenfield filter

a disease of unknown cause that involves progressive paralysis that moves from the feet to the head, aka ascending paralysis; if it reaches the diaphragm, then the patient may require respiratory support

Guillan-Barre syndrome

the oxygen-carrying pigment of red blood cells; when it has absorbed oxygen in the lungs, it is bright red and called oxyhemoglobin; after oxygen has been given up in the tissues, hemoglobin is purple and called reduced hemoglobin

hemoglobin

coughing up of blood

hemoptysis

the nervous system mechanism that terminates inhalation and prevents lung overexpansion

hering-breuer reflex

to move inadequate volumes of air into the lungs

hypoventilate

a dangerous condition in which the supply of oxygen to the tissues is reduced

hypoxia

a situation in which a person's stimulus to breathe comes from a decrease in PaO2 rather than the normal stimulus, an increase in PaCO2.

hypoxic drive

the visible bulging of the jugular veins when a patient is in semi-fowler's or full fowler's position; indicates inadequate blood movement through the heart and or lungs

jugular venous distension

a respiratory pattern characteristic DKA, with marked hyperpnea and tachypnea

kussmaul respirations

inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi

laryngotracheobronchitis

the organ of voice production

larynx

the transfer of a disease form one organ or part of the body to another that is not directly connected to the original site; often used to describe a cancer that has spread to other parts of the body

metastasis

the sound of one note during wheezing, caused by vibration of a single bronchus

monophonic

severe dyspnea experienced when recumbent and relieved by sitting or standing up

orthopnea

one of three sets of lymphatic organs that constitute the tonsils; located in the back of the throat, on each side of the posterior opening of the oral cavity; help protect the body from bacteria introduced into the mouth and nose

palatine tonsils

the functional portions of a gland or solid organ

parenchyma

severe shortness of breath occurring at night after several hours of recumbency, during which fluid pools in the lungs

paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

hollow pockets on the lateral portions of the glottic opening

piriform fossae

excessive accumulation of fluid in ht pleural space

pleural effusion

inflammation of the lung caused by an infectious agent

pneumonia

the production of more red blood cells over time, make the blood thick; characteristic of people with chronic lung disease and chronic hypoxia

polycythemia

the sound of multiple motes during wheezing; caused by vibrations of many bronchi

polyphonic

a false membrane formed by a dead tissue layer; seen in the posterior pharynx of patients with diphtheria

pseudomembrane

weakening or loss of a palpable pulse during inhalation; characteristic of cardiac tamponadeand severe asthma

pulsus paradoxus

full of pus

purulent

old term for abnormal breath sounds that have a fine, crackling quality; now called crackles

rales

a term used to describe any condition that causes hyperreactive bronchioles and bronchospasms

reactive airway disease

diseases that limit the ability of the lungs to expand appropriately, Skeletal abnormalities (kyphosis and scoliosis) are a common example

restrictive lung disease

the drawing in of the intercostal muscles and the muscles above the clavicles in respiratory distress

retractions

coarse, low pitched breath sounds heard in patients who chronically have mucus in the airways

rhonchi

a situation in which a portion of the output of the right side of the heart reaches the left side of the heart without being oxygenated in the lungs; may be caused by atelectasis, pulmonary edema.

shunt

the non striated involuntary muscle found in the vessel walls, glands, and GI tract

smooth muscle

a noise made during inhalation when the upper airway is partially obstructed by the tongue

snoring

the devices that collect medication and allows for more medication to be delivered to the lungs and less to the environment

spacers

a severe, prolonged asthma attack that cannot be stopped with conventional treatment, such as administration of epinephrine

status asthmaticus

the harsh, high pitched sound associated with severe upper airway obstruction, such as that caused by laryngeal edema

stridor

a liquid protein that reduces the surface tension of the alveoli and allows for gas exchange

surfactant

vibrations in the chest that can be felt with a hand on the chest as the patient breathes

tactile fremitus

the amount of air inhaled or exhaled during one breath

tidal volume

the opening created during a tracheotomy procedure

tracheostomy

surgically opening the trachea to create an airway

tracheostomy

a chronic bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that usually affects the lungs but can also affect other organs such as the brain and kidneys

tuberculosis

a set of bony convolutions in the nasopharynx that help to maintain the smooth airflow and warm, humidify, and filter the air as it is inhaled

turbinates

a monitoring method that measures the exhaled carbon dioxide level and displays the value numerically and as a waveform tracing

waveform capnography

the process of exchanging air between the lungs and the environment; includes inhalation and exhalation

ventilation