Ch 16 /final Flashcards

(61 cards)

1
Q

What’s are the means of communication for the cells ?

A

Neurotransmitter
Hormones
Paracrine ( local hormones)
Gap junction

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2
Q

Exocrine :

A

Secrets through ducts
Local effect
Shorter duration
Extracellular effect

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3
Q

Endocrine:

A

Ductless: secretes into blood
Widespread effect
Longer duration
Intracellular effect

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4
Q

What are other organs that produce harmones that’s not apart of the endocrine system?

A
Stomach ,
Placenta
Kidney
Thymus
Pancrease
Liver
Small intestines 
Skin
Heart
Adipose tissue
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5
Q

What does hormone activity includes?

A

Paracrine : local harmone, don’t circulate

Autocrine: hormones acting on same cell that secrets them

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6
Q

Hormone chem for steroid

A

Lips and fats soluble
Derive from cholesterol
Sex hormone
Adrenocortical hormones

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7
Q

Hormone chem of peptide and glycoproteins

A

Proteins
OT and ADH
All inhibiting and releasing hormones of hypothalamus
( most of the anterior pituitary hormone )!

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8
Q

Hormone chem for mono amines ( biogenetic

A

Proteins

Derived from animo acids catecholamines ( norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine and thyroid hormones

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9
Q

What are the two receptor binding mechanisms

A

Plasma membrane receptors
( 2nd messenger mechanism /water soluble )

Intracellular receptors
( directly active gene /lipid soluble, bind to receptors within target cells )

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10
Q

Plasma membrane receptors

A

2nd messenger mechanism ( G protein -cAMP)

Water soluble hormone ( bone to receptors on the exterior surface of all target cells

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11
Q

Intracellular receptors

A

Directly active gene

Lipid soluble hormones ( bine to receptors within target cells )

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12
Q

Humoral stimulus

A

Low concentration of ca 2 in capilary blood

Parathyroid gland secretes PTH which increase blood ca2

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13
Q

Neural stimulation

A

Hormone release cause by neural input
( spinal cord, adrenal gland )

Action potentials in preganglionic sympathetic fibers

Adrenal gland secretes epinephrine, and norepinephrine

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14
Q

Hormonal stimulus

A

Hormone release caused by another hormone ( a tropic hormone )

Hormones from hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland secretes hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones

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15
Q

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland

A

Pituitary is actually 2 separate gland !
Adenohypophysis ( anterior pituitary )
- blood vessels controls the release of hormone
-portal system

Neurohypophysis ( posterior pituitary) -hypothalamo trypophyseal track

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16
Q

Hypothalamus hormone ( releasing /“tropin”

A

GnRn- ganadotropin releasing hormone
TRH - thyrotropin releasing hormone
CRH- corticotropin releasing hormone
GHRH -growth hormone releasing hormone

( travel through portal system /ademohypopysis

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17
Q

OT and ADH

A

Release by neurons in the neurohypophysis tract

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18
Q

Tropic hormones

A

Tropic : target other endocrine gland
Ganadotropin targets ( testes /ovaries)
FSH ( follicle stimulating hormone
LH : luterizing hormone
TSH : thyroid stimulating hormone ( thyroid gland )
ACTH : adrenocorticotropic ( adrenal cortex)

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19
Q

Non Tropic Hormone

A

Acts directly on target cells
PRL: ( prolactin) mammary glands
GH: ( growth hormone ) widespread affect through body

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20
Q

Other functions of growth hormones

A

Stimulates interstitial and appositional growth

Increase osteoblasts activity

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21
Q

What is I GF -1

A

Insulin like growth factor
Growth promoting protein that helps GH mediates the enhancing effect on growth

IGF: produce in response to GH as hormone ( liver, skeletal muscle, bone and other tissues ( acts locally in these tissues makes it paracrine )

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22
Q

Structure of thyroid gland

A

Butterfly shapped with left /right Lo lateral lobes ( connected by ISTHMUS)
Infeior of the larynx anterior to trachea

  • Increase BMR
  • Stimulates protein synthesis
  • Increase the use of glucose and fatty acid for atp production
  • Help maintain body temp
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23
Q

What are the hormone thyroid gland realease

A

Thyroid hormone ( increase bmr, increase use of glucose/fatty acid

Calcitonin ( lowers blood level of ca 2 )

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24
Q

What stimulates the these

A

Follicular cells : produce TH stimulates by TSH

Parafollicular C cells produce calcitonin

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25
What is required to make thyroid hormones?
Iodine
26
Parathyroid hormone
Inferior/superior on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland Functions: regulate calcium homeostasis Hormone they secret : parathyroid hormone Produce by chief cell
27
Adrenal gland
Loctician: on top of kidney Structure: outer cortex (3 layers ) and medial medulla Functions : varies depending on which hormone being secreted Pathways = RAA ( renin-angiotensin- aldosterone
28
What hormones Adrenal gland secrets
Zono glumerulosa cell - aldosterone (increase blood Level na /water Zona fasciculata cells - mainly cortisol ( increase protein breakdown, depress immune responses) Zona reticularis- DHEA Secrete large amount of testosterone after puberty In menopause woman , all of the female estrogen comes from here
29
Adrenal medulla
Sympathic ganglion innovated by sympathetic preganglionic fibers -stimulates the release of norepinephrine ``` Functions: increase bp /heart rate Increase blood flow to skeletal muscles Increase pulmonary air flow Decrease digestion and urine formation Stimulates gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis ```
30
Structure of pancreas
Location: on the curve of the duodenum Structure : scatter among acini( produce digestive enzymes) as clusters of endocrine tissues ( pancreatic islets - islets of langerhans )
31
What are the islet 4 types of cell
Alpha cell -glucagon Beta cell -insulin Delta cell- somatostain F cells - pancreatic polypeptide
32
What are insulin and glucagon control by?
Negative feedback
33
Glucagon vs insulin
Glucagon : raises blood glucose level | Insulin: lowers blood glucose level
34
Gonods
Ovaries (produce ooctyes) Estrogen ( estradiol /estrone ) Progesterone ( relaxing /inhibiting Testes ( produce Sperm ) Testosterone
35
Pineal gland
``` Location : in epithalamus Functions: info from retina , Produce serotonin by day melatonin by night Timing of puberty By puberty 75% lower ```
36
Thymus
Location: mediastinum, superior to heart Functions : secretes ( thymosin ) that regulate development layer active t lymphocytes ( immune system ) Shrinks after puberty ( involution )
37
Other endocrine functions
Liver : source of IGF Converts vD to calcidoil Placenta: secrets estrogen progesterone Regulate pregnancy , stimulates development of fetus , mammary gland
38
Endocrine disorder ( hypo /hyper)
Hyposecretion of hormones- - Caused by tumor :lesion of gland autoimmune destruction ( type 1 Dm) - Diminish response to receptor level ( type 11 dm) Hypersecretion Caused by tumor / lesion of glandular cells Elevated response to hormone at receptor level
39
What is the GH hypersecretion disorder
Giantism (hypersecretion) Occurs before skeletal maturity with children GH targets still active in growth plate (abnormal tall) Acromegaly Occurs after skeletal maturity with ADULTS -excessive Gh is secretes after growth plate closed -enlargement extremities ( face, hands /feet)
40
What is the GH hyposecretion Disorder
Pituitary dwarfism In adults : typically carries no problem In children: slow long bone growth GH Deficiency
41
ADH Disorders
Hypo- diabetes insipidus ( tasteless) Increase thirst and high urine output Result in low blood pressure Hyper- Retention of fluid,Headache , high blood pressure, decrease in solute concentration, wait gain
42
Thyroid diseases
Endemic goiter - hyposecretion Iodine deficiency No TH increase TSH Weight gain, hair loss, fatigue Toxic goiter -Hypersecretion Overproduction of thyroid hormones Antibodies mimic TSH /increase in TH , increase BMR /HR Swearing, weight loss, exophthalmos
43
Thyroid Disease cont.
Hypothyroidism: congenital hypo ( cretinism Infants suffers abnormal bone development, thickened face structure , brain damage , low temp Hypo: myxedema ADULT Low metabolic rate , sluggishness , weight gain, consolation, dry skin/hair , cold sensitive. Increase blood pressure
44
Hyperthyroidism:
Depressed neurons system Abnormal reflex Weak skeletal muscle Excess calcium salts in kidney tublets resulting kidney stones ( severe impaired vital organ )
45
Cortisol Disorder
Crushing disease : hypersecretion Causes by ACTH severing tumor of pitiary ( lungs, pancreas, kidney )! Hyperglycemia : loss in muscle/bone Water and salt retention Hypertension Edma ( Buffalo hump , moon face ) ``` Addison disease hyposecretion Weight loss Hypoglycemia Decrease Na ( severe dehydration and hypotension)! ```
46
Diabetes Mellitus
Hyposecretion of insulin
47
Type 1 DM
10% of cases Autoimmune destruction of beta cells ( diagnose 12) No insulin produce in body Treated with diet, exercise , monitoring of blood glucose via insulin pump or injection
48
Type 2 DM
90% Insulin resistance ( failure of target cell responding) Risk factor : ages, genes and obesity Treated with weight loss, exercise, oral medication to improve insulin secretion of target cell sensitivity
49
Pathology of diabetes
Cells cannot absorbed glucose , reply on fats and protein ( weight loss /weakness) Fat catabolism increase FFA’s in blood and keystone body Ketonuria promotes osmotic diuresis ( loss of na + k Ketoacidosis occurs as keytone decrease blood pH Chronic pathogen : Chronic hyperglycemia leads to neuropathy and cardio vascular damage from atherosclerosis - retina and kidneys ( common type 1) atherosclerosis leading to heart failure ( common type 2) and gangrene
50
What is osmosis diuresis
Blood glucose level rise above transport maximum of kidney tublets, glucose remain in urine Osmolariry decrease and draw water into urine
51
What does transport maximum of glucose reabsorption kidney tubes need to reabsorb glucose fast enough ?
Insulin
52
Synergistic/antagonistic
Hormones that work together | Hormones that don’t work together
53
Communication by nervous vs endocrine system
Neuron - nerve impulses - target cell Endocrine cell- hormone in bloodstream- target cell
54
Components of endocrine system ?
Endocrine gland : produce hormones Hormone : chem messenger secreted into bloodstream or lymph Target cells : have receptors for hormone Endocrine system : endocrine orange : pineal , thyroid , hormone producing cell
55
Mechanism of hormonal actions
Activates/deactivates enzymes Induces secretory Stimulates mitosis Stimulus synthesis of protein /enzymes within target cells Alteration of plasma membrane permeability/or potentials
56
Hypothalamus/pituitary gland
Pituitary glad aka HYPOPHYSIS Sits in sella Turcica 1-2-1.5 cm in diameter 2 glands Andenohypophysis : anterior pituitary Neurohypophysis/ posterior pituitary
57
GH indirect and direct effects
Skeletal and extra skeletal ( indirect ) Fats , carbohydrates metabolism
58
What’s the chief cells
Parathyroid gland | Produce parathyroid hormone
59
What hormones regulate calcium homeostasis
PTH, calcitriol and ( raises ) | calcitonin ( lowers )
60
Pancreas
Both endocrine and exocrine gland
61
Chronic pathology is diabetes | Pathology of diabetes
Chronic hyperglycemia leads to neuropathy and cardiovascular damage Acute : cells cannot absorb glucose , rely on fats and proteins ( weight loss and weakness )