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Anatomy Muscles > Ch 16 /final > Flashcards

Ch 16 /final Flashcards

1
Q

What’s are the means of communication for the cells ?

A

Neurotransmitter
Hormones
Paracrine ( local hormones)
Gap junction

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2
Q

Exocrine :

A

Secrets through ducts
Local effect
Shorter duration
Extracellular effect

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3
Q

Endocrine:

A

Ductless: secretes into blood
Widespread effect
Longer duration
Intracellular effect

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4
Q

What are other organs that produce harmones that’s not apart of the endocrine system?

A 
Stomach ,
Placenta
Kidney
Thymus
Pancrease
Liver
Small intestines 
Skin
Heart
Adipose tissue
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5
Q

What does hormone activity includes?

A

Paracrine : local harmone, don’t circulate

Autocrine: hormones acting on same cell that secrets them

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6
Q

Hormone chem for steroid

A

Lips and fats soluble
Derive from cholesterol
Sex hormone
Adrenocortical hormones

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7
Q

Hormone chem of peptide and glycoproteins

A

Proteins
OT and ADH
All inhibiting and releasing hormones of hypothalamus
( most of the anterior pituitary hormone )!

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8
Q

Hormone chem for mono amines ( biogenetic

A

Proteins

Derived from animo acids catecholamines ( norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine and thyroid hormones

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9
Q

What are the two receptor binding mechanisms

A

Plasma membrane receptors
( 2nd messenger mechanism /water soluble )

Intracellular receptors
( directly active gene /lipid soluble, bind to receptors within target cells )

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10
Q

Plasma membrane receptors

A

2nd messenger mechanism ( G protein -cAMP)

Water soluble hormone ( bone to receptors on the exterior surface of all target cells

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11
Q

Intracellular receptors

A

Directly active gene

Lipid soluble hormones ( bine to receptors within target cells )

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12
Q

Humoral stimulus

A

Low concentration of ca 2 in capilary blood

Parathyroid gland secretes PTH which increase blood ca2

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13
Q

Neural stimulation

A

Hormone release cause by neural input
( spinal cord, adrenal gland )

Action potentials in preganglionic sympathetic fibers

Adrenal gland secretes epinephrine, and norepinephrine

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14
Q

Hormonal stimulus

A

Hormone release caused by another hormone ( a tropic hormone )

Hormones from hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland secretes hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones

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15
Q

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland

A

Pituitary is actually 2 separate gland !
Adenohypophysis ( anterior pituitary )
- blood vessels controls the release of hormone
-portal system

Neurohypophysis ( posterior pituitary) -hypothalamo trypophyseal track

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16
Q

Hypothalamus hormone ( releasing /“tropin”

A

GnRn- ganadotropin releasing hormone
TRH - thyrotropin releasing hormone
CRH- corticotropin releasing hormone
GHRH -growth hormone releasing hormone

( travel through portal system /ademohypopysis

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17
Q

OT and ADH

A

Release by neurons in the neurohypophysis tract

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18
Q

Tropic hormones

A

Tropic : target other endocrine gland
Ganadotropin targets ( testes /ovaries)
FSH ( follicle stimulating hormone
LH : luterizing hormone
TSH : thyroid stimulating hormone ( thyroid gland )
ACTH : adrenocorticotropic ( adrenal cortex)

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19
Q

Non Tropic Hormone

A

Acts directly on target cells
PRL: ( prolactin) mammary glands
GH: ( growth hormone ) widespread affect through body

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20
Q

Other functions of growth hormones

A

Stimulates interstitial and appositional growth

Increase osteoblasts activity

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21
Q

What is I GF -1

A

Insulin like growth factor
Growth promoting protein that helps GH mediates the enhancing effect on growth

IGF: produce in response to GH as hormone ( liver, skeletal muscle, bone and other tissues ( acts locally in these tissues makes it paracrine )

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22
Q

Structure of thyroid gland

A

Butterfly shapped with left /right Lo lateral lobes ( connected by ISTHMUS)
Infeior of the larynx anterior to trachea

  • Increase BMR
  • Stimulates protein synthesis
  • Increase the use of glucose and fatty acid for atp production
  • Help maintain body temp
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23
Q

What are the hormone thyroid gland realease

A

Thyroid hormone ( increase bmr, increase use of glucose/fatty acid

Calcitonin ( lowers blood level of ca 2 )

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24
Q

What stimulates the these

A

Follicular cells : produce TH stimulates by TSH

Parafollicular C cells produce calcitonin

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25
Q

What is required to make thyroid hormones?

A

Iodine

26
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Inferior/superior on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland
Functions: regulate calcium homeostasis

Hormone they secret : parathyroid hormone
Produce by chief cell

27
Q

Adrenal gland

A

Loctician: on top of kidney
Structure: outer cortex (3 layers ) and medial medulla
Functions : varies depending on which hormone being secreted

Pathways = RAA ( renin-angiotensin- aldosterone

28
Q

What hormones Adrenal gland secrets

A

Zono glumerulosa cell - aldosterone (increase blood Level na /water

Zona fasciculata cells - mainly cortisol ( increase protein breakdown, depress immune responses)

Zona reticularis- DHEA
Secrete large amount of testosterone after puberty
In menopause woman , all of the female estrogen comes from here

29
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Sympathic ganglion innovated by sympathetic preganglionic fibers
-stimulates the release of norepinephrine

Functions: increase bp /heart rate 
Increase blood flow to skeletal muscles 
Increase pulmonary air flow 
Decrease digestion and urine formation
Stimulates gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
30
Q

Structure of pancreas

A

Location: on the curve of the duodenum
Structure : scatter among acini( produce digestive enzymes) as clusters of endocrine tissues ( pancreatic islets - islets of langerhans )

31
Q

What are the islet 4 types of cell

A

Alpha cell -glucagon
Beta cell -insulin
Delta cell- somatostain
F cells - pancreatic polypeptide

32
Q

What are insulin and glucagon control by?

A

Negative feedback

33
Q

Glucagon vs insulin

A

Glucagon : raises blood glucose level

Insulin: lowers blood glucose level

34
Q

Gonods

A

Ovaries (produce ooctyes)
Estrogen ( estradiol /estrone )
Progesterone ( relaxing /inhibiting

Testes ( produce Sperm )
Testosterone

35
Q

Pineal gland

A 
Location : in epithalamus 
Functions: info from retina , 
Produce serotonin by day melatonin by night 
Timing of puberty
By puberty 75% lower
36
Q

Thymus

A

Location: mediastinum, superior to heart
Functions : secretes ( thymosin ) that regulate development layer active t lymphocytes ( immune system )

Shrinks after puberty ( involution )

37
Q

Other endocrine functions

A

Liver : source of IGF
Converts vD to calcidoil

Placenta: secrets estrogen progesterone
Regulate pregnancy , stimulates development of fetus , mammary gland

38
Q

Endocrine disorder ( hypo /hyper)

A

Hyposecretion of hormones-

  • Caused by tumor :lesion of gland autoimmune destruction ( type 1 Dm)
  • Diminish response to receptor level ( type 11 dm)

Hypersecretion
Caused by tumor / lesion of glandular cells
Elevated response to hormone at receptor level

39
Q

What is the GH hypersecretion disorder

A

Giantism (hypersecretion)
Occurs before skeletal maturity with children
GH targets still active in growth plate (abnormal tall)

Acromegaly
Occurs after skeletal maturity with ADULTS
-excessive Gh is secretes after growth plate closed
-enlargement extremities ( face, hands /feet)

40
Q

What is the GH hyposecretion Disorder

A

Pituitary dwarfism
In adults : typically carries no problem
In children: slow long bone growth

GH Deficiency

41
Q

ADH Disorders

A

Hypo- diabetes insipidus ( tasteless)
Increase thirst and high urine output
Result in low blood pressure

Hyper- Retention of fluid,Headache , high blood pressure, decrease in solute concentration, wait gain

42
Q

Thyroid diseases

A

Endemic goiter - hyposecretion
Iodine deficiency
No TH increase TSH
Weight gain, hair loss, fatigue

Toxic goiter -Hypersecretion
Overproduction of thyroid hormones
Antibodies mimic TSH /increase in TH , increase BMR /HR
Swearing, weight loss, exophthalmos

43
Q

Thyroid Disease cont.

A

Hypothyroidism: congenital hypo ( cretinism
Infants suffers abnormal bone development, thickened face structure , brain damage , low temp

Hypo: myxedema ADULT
Low metabolic rate , sluggishness , weight gain, consolation, dry skin/hair , cold sensitive. Increase blood pressure

44
Q

Hyperthyroidism:

A

Depressed neurons system
Abnormal reflex
Weak skeletal muscle
Excess calcium salts in kidney tublets resulting kidney stones ( severe impaired vital organ )

45
Q

Cortisol Disorder

A

Crushing disease : hypersecretion
Causes by ACTH severing tumor of pitiary ( lungs, pancreas, kidney )!
Hyperglycemia : loss in muscle/bone
Water and salt retention
Hypertension Edma ( Buffalo hump , moon face )

Addison disease hyposecretion 
Weight loss 
Hypoglycemia 
Decrease Na 
( severe dehydration and hypotension)!
46
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

Hyposecretion of insulin

47
Q

Type 1 DM

A

10% of cases
Autoimmune destruction of beta cells ( diagnose 12)
No insulin produce in body
Treated with diet, exercise , monitoring of blood glucose via insulin pump or injection

48
Q

Type 2 DM

A

90%
Insulin resistance ( failure of target cell responding)
Risk factor : ages, genes and obesity
Treated with weight loss, exercise, oral medication to improve insulin secretion of target cell sensitivity

49
Q

Pathology of diabetes

A

Cells cannot absorbed glucose , reply on fats and protein ( weight loss /weakness)
Fat catabolism increase FFA’s in blood and keystone body
Ketonuria promotes osmotic diuresis ( loss of na + k
Ketoacidosis occurs as keytone decrease blood pH

Chronic pathogen :
Chronic hyperglycemia leads to neuropathy and cardio vascular damage from atherosclerosis
- retina and kidneys ( common type 1) atherosclerosis leading to heart failure ( common type 2) and gangrene

50
Q

What is osmosis diuresis

A

Blood glucose level rise above transport maximum of kidney tublets,
glucose remain in urine
Osmolariry decrease and draw water into urine

51
Q

What does transport maximum of glucose reabsorption kidney tubes need to reabsorb glucose fast enough ?

A

Insulin

52
Q

Synergistic/antagonistic

A

Hormones that work together

Hormones that don’t work together

53
Q

Communication by nervous vs endocrine system

A

Neuron - nerve impulses - target cell

Endocrine cell- hormone in bloodstream- target cell

54
Q

Components of endocrine system ?

A

Endocrine gland : produce hormones

Hormone : chem messenger secreted into bloodstream or lymph

Target cells : have receptors for hormone

Endocrine system : endocrine orange : pineal , thyroid , hormone producing cell

55
Q

Mechanism of hormonal actions

A

Activates/deactivates enzymes
Induces secretory
Stimulates mitosis
Stimulus synthesis of protein /enzymes within target cells
Alteration of plasma membrane permeability/or potentials

56
Q

Hypothalamus/pituitary gland

A

Pituitary glad aka HYPOPHYSIS
Sits in sella Turcica
1-2-1.5 cm in diameter

2 glands
Andenohypophysis : anterior pituitary
Neurohypophysis/ posterior pituitary

57
Q

GH indirect and direct effects

A

Skeletal and extra skeletal ( indirect )

Fats , carbohydrates metabolism

58
Q

What’s the chief cells

A

Parathyroid gland

Produce parathyroid hormone

59
Q

What hormones regulate calcium homeostasis

A

PTH, calcitriol and ( raises )

calcitonin ( lowers )

60
Q

Pancreas

A

Both endocrine and exocrine gland

61
Q

Chronic pathology is diabetes

Pathology of diabetes

A

Chronic hyperglycemia leads to neuropathy and cardiovascular damage

Acute : cells cannot absorb glucose , rely on fats and proteins ( weight loss and weakness )

Anatomy Muscles (5 decks)

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