Ch 16 /final Flashcards
What’s are the means of communication for the cells ?
Neurotransmitter
Hormones
Paracrine ( local hormones)
Gap junction
Exocrine :
Secrets through ducts
Local effect
Shorter duration
Extracellular effect
Endocrine:
Ductless: secretes into blood
Widespread effect
Longer duration
Intracellular effect
What are other organs that produce harmones that’s not apart of the endocrine system?
Stomach , Placenta Kidney Thymus Pancrease Liver Small intestines Skin Heart Adipose tissue
What does hormone activity includes?
Paracrine : local harmone, don’t circulate
Autocrine: hormones acting on same cell that secrets them
Hormone chem for steroid
Lips and fats soluble
Derive from cholesterol
Sex hormone
Adrenocortical hormones
Hormone chem of peptide and glycoproteins
Proteins
OT and ADH
All inhibiting and releasing hormones of hypothalamus
( most of the anterior pituitary hormone )!
Hormone chem for mono amines ( biogenetic
Proteins
Derived from animo acids catecholamines ( norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine and thyroid hormones
What are the two receptor binding mechanisms
Plasma membrane receptors
( 2nd messenger mechanism /water soluble )
Intracellular receptors
( directly active gene /lipid soluble, bind to receptors within target cells )
Plasma membrane receptors
2nd messenger mechanism ( G protein -cAMP)
Water soluble hormone ( bone to receptors on the exterior surface of all target cells
Intracellular receptors
Directly active gene
Lipid soluble hormones ( bine to receptors within target cells )
Humoral stimulus
Low concentration of ca 2 in capilary blood
Parathyroid gland secretes PTH which increase blood ca2
Neural stimulation
Hormone release cause by neural input
( spinal cord, adrenal gland )
Action potentials in preganglionic sympathetic fibers
Adrenal gland secretes epinephrine, and norepinephrine
Hormonal stimulus
Hormone release caused by another hormone ( a tropic hormone )
Hormones from hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland secretes hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones
Hypothalamus and pituitary gland
Pituitary is actually 2 separate gland !
Adenohypophysis ( anterior pituitary )
- blood vessels controls the release of hormone
-portal system
Neurohypophysis ( posterior pituitary) -hypothalamo trypophyseal track
Hypothalamus hormone ( releasing /“tropin”
GnRn- ganadotropin releasing hormone
TRH - thyrotropin releasing hormone
CRH- corticotropin releasing hormone
GHRH -growth hormone releasing hormone
( travel through portal system /ademohypopysis
OT and ADH
Release by neurons in the neurohypophysis tract
Tropic hormones
Tropic : target other endocrine gland
Ganadotropin targets ( testes /ovaries)
FSH ( follicle stimulating hormone
LH : luterizing hormone
TSH : thyroid stimulating hormone ( thyroid gland )
ACTH : adrenocorticotropic ( adrenal cortex)
Non Tropic Hormone
Acts directly on target cells
PRL: ( prolactin) mammary glands
GH: ( growth hormone ) widespread affect through body
Other functions of growth hormones
Stimulates interstitial and appositional growth
Increase osteoblasts activity
What is I GF -1
Insulin like growth factor
Growth promoting protein that helps GH mediates the enhancing effect on growth
IGF: produce in response to GH as hormone ( liver, skeletal muscle, bone and other tissues ( acts locally in these tissues makes it paracrine )
Structure of thyroid gland
Butterfly shapped with left /right Lo lateral lobes ( connected by ISTHMUS)
Infeior of the larynx anterior to trachea
- Increase BMR
- Stimulates protein synthesis
- Increase the use of glucose and fatty acid for atp production
- Help maintain body temp
What are the hormone thyroid gland realease
Thyroid hormone ( increase bmr, increase use of glucose/fatty acid
Calcitonin ( lowers blood level of ca 2 )
What stimulates the these
Follicular cells : produce TH stimulates by TSH
Parafollicular C cells produce calcitonin
What is required to make thyroid hormones?
Iodine
Parathyroid hormone
Inferior/superior on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland
Functions: regulate calcium homeostasis
Hormone they secret : parathyroid hormone
Produce by chief cell
Adrenal gland
Loctician: on top of kidney
Structure: outer cortex (3 layers ) and medial medulla
Functions : varies depending on which hormone being secreted
Pathways = RAA ( renin-angiotensin- aldosterone
What hormones Adrenal gland secrets
Zono glumerulosa cell - aldosterone (increase blood Level na /water
Zona fasciculata cells - mainly cortisol ( increase protein breakdown, depress immune responses)
Zona reticularis- DHEA
Secrete large amount of testosterone after puberty
In menopause woman , all of the female estrogen comes from here
Adrenal medulla
Sympathic ganglion innovated by sympathetic preganglionic fibers
-stimulates the release of norepinephrine
Functions: increase bp /heart rate Increase blood flow to skeletal muscles Increase pulmonary air flow Decrease digestion and urine formation Stimulates gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
Structure of pancreas
Location: on the curve of the duodenum
Structure : scatter among acini( produce digestive enzymes) as clusters of endocrine tissues ( pancreatic islets - islets of langerhans )
What are the islet 4 types of cell
Alpha cell -glucagon
Beta cell -insulin
Delta cell- somatostain
F cells - pancreatic polypeptide
What are insulin and glucagon control by?
Negative feedback
Glucagon vs insulin
Glucagon : raises blood glucose level
Insulin: lowers blood glucose level
Gonods
Ovaries (produce ooctyes)
Estrogen ( estradiol /estrone )
Progesterone ( relaxing /inhibiting
Testes ( produce Sperm )
Testosterone
Pineal gland
Location : in epithalamus Functions: info from retina , Produce serotonin by day melatonin by night Timing of puberty By puberty 75% lower
Thymus
Location: mediastinum, superior to heart
Functions : secretes ( thymosin ) that regulate development layer active t lymphocytes ( immune system )
Shrinks after puberty ( involution )
Other endocrine functions
Liver : source of IGF
Converts vD to calcidoil
Placenta: secrets estrogen progesterone
Regulate pregnancy , stimulates development of fetus , mammary gland
Endocrine disorder ( hypo /hyper)
Hyposecretion of hormones-
- Caused by tumor :lesion of gland autoimmune destruction ( type 1 Dm)
- Diminish response to receptor level ( type 11 dm)
Hypersecretion
Caused by tumor / lesion of glandular cells
Elevated response to hormone at receptor level
What is the GH hypersecretion disorder
Giantism (hypersecretion)
Occurs before skeletal maturity with children
GH targets still active in growth plate (abnormal tall)
Acromegaly
Occurs after skeletal maturity with ADULTS
-excessive Gh is secretes after growth plate closed
-enlargement extremities ( face, hands /feet)
What is the GH hyposecretion Disorder
Pituitary dwarfism
In adults : typically carries no problem
In children: slow long bone growth
GH Deficiency
ADH Disorders
Hypo- diabetes insipidus ( tasteless)
Increase thirst and high urine output
Result in low blood pressure
Hyper- Retention of fluid,Headache , high blood pressure, decrease in solute concentration, wait gain
Thyroid diseases
Endemic goiter - hyposecretion
Iodine deficiency
No TH increase TSH
Weight gain, hair loss, fatigue
Toxic goiter -Hypersecretion
Overproduction of thyroid hormones
Antibodies mimic TSH /increase in TH , increase BMR /HR
Swearing, weight loss, exophthalmos
Thyroid Disease cont.
Hypothyroidism: congenital hypo ( cretinism
Infants suffers abnormal bone development, thickened face structure , brain damage , low temp
Hypo: myxedema ADULT
Low metabolic rate , sluggishness , weight gain, consolation, dry skin/hair , cold sensitive. Increase blood pressure
Hyperthyroidism:
Depressed neurons system
Abnormal reflex
Weak skeletal muscle
Excess calcium salts in kidney tublets resulting kidney stones ( severe impaired vital organ )
Cortisol Disorder
Crushing disease : hypersecretion
Causes by ACTH severing tumor of pitiary ( lungs, pancreas, kidney )!
Hyperglycemia : loss in muscle/bone
Water and salt retention
Hypertension Edma ( Buffalo hump , moon face )
Addison disease hyposecretion Weight loss Hypoglycemia Decrease Na ( severe dehydration and hypotension)!
Diabetes Mellitus
Hyposecretion of insulin
Type 1 DM
10% of cases
Autoimmune destruction of beta cells ( diagnose 12)
No insulin produce in body
Treated with diet, exercise , monitoring of blood glucose via insulin pump or injection
Type 2 DM
90%
Insulin resistance ( failure of target cell responding)
Risk factor : ages, genes and obesity
Treated with weight loss, exercise, oral medication to improve insulin secretion of target cell sensitivity
Pathology of diabetes
Cells cannot absorbed glucose , reply on fats and protein ( weight loss /weakness)
Fat catabolism increase FFA’s in blood and keystone body
Ketonuria promotes osmotic diuresis ( loss of na + k
Ketoacidosis occurs as keytone decrease blood pH
Chronic pathogen :
Chronic hyperglycemia leads to neuropathy and cardio vascular damage from atherosclerosis
- retina and kidneys ( common type 1) atherosclerosis leading to heart failure ( common type 2) and gangrene
What is osmosis diuresis
Blood glucose level rise above transport maximum of kidney tublets,
glucose remain in urine
Osmolariry decrease and draw water into urine
What does transport maximum of glucose reabsorption kidney tubes need to reabsorb glucose fast enough ?
Insulin
Synergistic/antagonistic
Hormones that work together
Hormones that don’t work together
Communication by nervous vs endocrine system
Neuron - nerve impulses - target cell
Endocrine cell- hormone in bloodstream- target cell
Components of endocrine system ?
Endocrine gland : produce hormones
Hormone : chem messenger secreted into bloodstream or lymph
Target cells : have receptors for hormone
Endocrine system : endocrine orange : pineal , thyroid , hormone producing cell
Mechanism of hormonal actions
Activates/deactivates enzymes
Induces secretory
Stimulates mitosis
Stimulus synthesis of protein /enzymes within target cells
Alteration of plasma membrane permeability/or potentials
Hypothalamus/pituitary gland
Pituitary glad aka HYPOPHYSIS
Sits in sella Turcica
1-2-1.5 cm in diameter
2 glands
Andenohypophysis : anterior pituitary
Neurohypophysis/ posterior pituitary
GH indirect and direct effects
Skeletal and extra skeletal ( indirect )
Fats , carbohydrates metabolism
What’s the chief cells
Parathyroid gland
Produce parathyroid hormone
What hormones regulate calcium homeostasis
PTH, calcitriol and ( raises )
calcitonin ( lowers )
Pancreas
Both endocrine and exocrine gland
Chronic pathology is diabetes
Pathology of diabetes
Chronic hyperglycemia leads to neuropathy and cardiovascular damage
Acute : cells cannot absorb glucose , rely on fats and proteins ( weight loss and weakness )
