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a&p final > ch 16- endocrine system > Flashcards

ch 16- endocrine system Flashcards

37 slides

1
Q

endocrine system function

A

secretes various hormones

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2
Q

hormones

A

long distance chemical messengers that can cause metabolic activity change, usually long lasting effects

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3
Q

hormones control-

A

reproduction, growth/development, immune system activation, various blood component maintenance

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4
Q

endocrine glands

A

highly vascularized, secrete hormones directly to blood. autocrines and paracrine r sometimes considered part of the endocrine system

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5
Q

autocrine

A

chemicalcmessage that affects she cell that produces message, a self message

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6
Q

paracrine

A

chemical message that is produced by one cell but affects a different one, both cells in same tissue and can affect dif cells in that same tissue

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7
Q

2 hormone classifications

A

amino acid based and steroid

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8
Q

amino acid based hormones

A

most frequent, water soluble, circulate without carrier (specific proteins that allows easy movement), molecular size varies here

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9
Q

steroid hormones 2 kindssss

A

synthesized from cholesterol, gonadal hormones and adrenocoortical hormones only ones. not water soluble and need a carrier for help-

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10
Q

specific weird ass hormone actions

A

a hormone can only affect target cells with receptors that can bind it. different cell types can have different receptors that can bind same hormone, but in target cell, these different cells can have dif receptors to same hormone. SHAPE CHANGES EFFECT!

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11
Q

major changes produced when hormone binds

A

alters plasma membrane permeability and membrane potential, stimulates synthesis of enzymes n proteins in cell, activates n deactivates enzymes, induces sensory activity, and stimulates mitosis

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12
Q

second messenger systems

A

use receptors found on surface of plasma membrane, this actually acts on cell. amino acid based hormones use this!! usually need a G protein coupled receptor, and its a very efficient system!

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13
Q

intracellular systems

A

steroid hormones use this bc they are lipid soluble, hormone enters cell first and then binds to intracellular receptors.

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14
Q

receptor hormone complex

A

binds specific DNA regions and DNA transcription will occur. SO certain proteins will be produced in larger numbers

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15
Q

5 steps to intracellular system

A

steroid hormone will diffuse through plasma membrane and bind to the intracellular receptor, then that receptor hormone goes in nucleus, then binds specific DNA region, and transcription of the gene to MRNA so finally protein synthesis

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16
Q

what feedback mechanism controls hormone release?

A

negative, it prevents extreme changes in response to binding a hormone. both synthesis and release r negative feedback mechanisms.

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17
Q

humoral stimuli

A

changing blood levels of critical ions and nutrients, like monitoring Ca2+ levels by parathyroid gland.

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18
Q

neural stimuli

A

nerve fibers stimulate hormone release, like NE and epinephrin e

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19
Q

hormonal stimuli

A

hormone released in response to other hormones, like hypothalamic hormones stimulating or inhibiting anterior pituitary gland

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20
Q

hormone concentration in blood depends on

A

how fast it is released by endocrine organ (more likely to interact with target cell) and how fast it is broken down.

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21
Q

hormones with shortest half life

A

water soluble hormones, they r easier to break down

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22
Q

cellular response variation

A

some hormones can bind to any cell type, others are limited to specific body parts. target cells only respond to a hoormone if a receptor protein is there

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23
Q

activation of cell depends on

A

blood levels of hormone, number of receptors for specific hormone on or in cell and affinity of receptor to hormone (how easy is It to bind)

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24
Q

each factor cell depends on for activation is determined by…

A

amt of hormome in blood, will tell how much and more means more likely for response

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25
Q

up-regulation

A

increase receptor number in response to low hormone levels, more receptors makes it easier to bind more sensitivity

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26
Q

down-regulation

A

decrease receptor number in response to high hormone levels, beaks and destroys the receptor for hormone so less sensitive.

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27
Q

if 2 or more hormones bind on same target cell, at the same tine, it may result in…

A

permissiveness, synergism, or antagonism

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28
Q

permissiveness

A

one hormone can have full effect without binding of a second hormone, or lack of second hormone may delay or completely inhibit effects of first hormone.ONE HORMONE PERMITS ANOTHER TO BIND

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29
Q

synergism

A

speeds up cell response, 2 or more hormones with similar effects bind target cell and amplification occurs.

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30
Q

antagonism

A

one hormone opposes effect of another. might compete for same receptor, or act through different metabolic pathway, or down regulate receptor of another hormone. so A WOULD BIDN AND THEN B’S RECEPTOR WOULD DISAPPEAR

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31
Q

are hormone effects always immediate

A

no, some can be hours or days or months even years after. like gonadal hormones

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32
Q

duration of hormone effects varies how

A

short: cellular response stops when thing is not in blood anymore like insulin
long: target cell may still carry response after hormone is removed

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33
Q

major endocrine organs (organs that only produce hormones)

A

pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, and adrenal, pineal, pancreas.

34
Q

pituitary gland

A

connected to hypothalamus, has anterior n posterior

35
Q

anterior pituitary gland

A

won’t get AP, manufactures and releases several dif hormones

36
Q

posterior pituitary gland

A

composed of neural tissue and nerve fibers. stores and releases neurohormones produced by hypoyhalamus. doesn’t actually produce any hormone- just NS tissue and neurons

37
Q

release at pituoraty gland can happen 2 dif ways

A

AP from hypothalamus cause hormone release, sent to one part of pituitary. Thats in posterior bc its NS structure
OR
hypothalamic hormones released into hypophyseal portal system, stimulate or inhibit hormone release. that’s anterior bc blood is used to stimulate it

38
Q

oxytocin (posterior pituitary)

A

stimulates uterine contraction, milk ejection, cuddle hormone acts as neurotransmitter

39
Q

what type of feedback mechanism is stretching of cervix during childbirtth

A

positive. builds on contractions until infant is born.

40
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH), posterior pituitary gland

A

how much water goes into urine- prevents water from being added to urine, slows down urine production. maintains water content of blood.dehydrated means more ADH, kidneys return more water

41
Q

control of ADH release

A

osmoreceptors (measure solute concentration) in hyopothalamus. solute concentration is high when ADH is released to save as much water as possible.

42
Q

anterior pituitary hormones have 4/6 of them being tropins- what does that do

A

affect activity of another endocrine gland, those 4 are growth hormones, TSH, ACTH, and gonadotropins

43
Q

growth hormones, anterior pituitary

A

metabolic and growth effects. metabolic- decrease glucose uptake, mobilize fat storage by releasing fatty acids to blood, and increases amino acid uptake by blood.
growth- IGFS stimulate growth where a lot of GH is

44
Q

IGF (insulin like growth factor)

A

increase nutrient uptake by tissue and form collagen and deposition of bone matrix. in order to grow, muscle build first

45
Q

TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone), anterior pituitary

A

stimulates development and secretory activity of thyroid gland.

46
Q

TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone)

A

a tropin that stimulates TSH release.

47
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), anterior pituitary

A

stimulates adrenal cortex to relersase their own set of hormones.

48
Q

corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

A

stimulates ATCH release.

49
Q

gonadotropins

A

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

50
Q

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), anterior pituitary

A

stimulates gamete production, ovaries and testes

51
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH), anterior pituitary

A

stimulates gonadal hormone production, estrogen and testosterone

52
Q

gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), anterior pituitary

A

stimulates FSH and LH release, this negative feedback prevents too much estrogen or testosterone from going. ONLY RELEASE AFTER PUBERTY NOTHING PRIOR

53
Q

prolactin , anterior pituitary

A

stimulates milk production in breast tissue and contributes to reproductive system. in males, its reproductive health and immune system. PRL rises and falls with blood estrogen

54
Q

what controls the release of prolactin

A

dopamine, slows down PRL production

55
Q

thyroid gland

A

only endocrine gland to produce, secrete, and store hormone. has 3 month supply of hormone

56
Q

thyroid hormone

A

depends on presence of iodine if its released or not. affects every body cell.

57
Q

how does TH affect every body cell

A

increases metabolic rate and body heat, regulates tissue growth and development, and maintains BP

58
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

too much TH, too much heat body way too actin e

59
Q

parathyroid gland

A

secretes parathyeroid hormone, PTH.

60
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

contributors to calcium hemostasis. blood calcium decreases.

61
Q

how does decreasing blood Ca2+ levels stimulate PTH release?

A

stimulates osteoclasts to increase bone degradation, enhances Ca2+ reabsorption by kidneys, activates vitamin D so u can have more Ca2+

62
Q

adrenal glands

A

stress response and electrolyte balance.

63
Q

adrenal cortex

A

outermost region of adrenal gland, has 3 corticosteroids. mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and gonadocorticoids

64
Q

mineralocorticoids

A

regulate electrolyte concentration in ECF, Na+ and K+ especially

65
Q

what do Na and K do in mineralcortiocids

A

Na influences water movement bc water follows Na, why ppl who retain so much water eat. a lot of salt.
K determines resting membrane potentials- imbalance will affect neuron response.

66
Q

glucocorticoids

A

influence energy metabolism of cells, provide stressor resistance. cortisol, cortisone, and corticosterone

67
Q

cortisol release stimulated by ATCH does what

A

negative feedback, stress affects cortisol release and CNS overrides negative feedback mechanism, more cortisol is released.

68
Q

glucocorticoids

A

mobilizes body to store more glucose, provokes SNS. too much of this depresses bone formation, inhibits inflammation, depresses immune system, disrupts normal function overall in heart neurons and poop

69
Q

gonadocorticoids

A

small androgen amounts released by adrenal cortex. some convert to testosterone some to estrogen. contribute to armpit and pubic hair- and in women can increase libido and ensures estrogen is produced post-menopause

70
Q

adrenal medulla

A

innermost adrenal gland, synthesizes epinephrine and norepinephrine. unequal amounts tho, 80% is with more O2 and dilates airways, 20% is for blood vessel constriction for BP . released at SNS

71
Q

hormones from adrenal medulla are not essential for fight or flight responses

A

they only add to it, not necessary tho. adds extra spice

72
Q

pineal gland

A

secretes melatonin and affects circadian rhythm’s. release is controlled by light intensity

73
Q

pancreas

A

hormones produced in pancreatic islets. makes blood sugar levels consistent.

74
Q

2 hormones released at pancreas- first one is glucagon

A

produced by alpha cells. have hyperglycemic affect (increase blood glucose levels), also stimulates liver to break down glycogen and convert stuff to glucose. release is controlled by decreasing blood glucose levels

75
Q

2 hormones released at pancreas- second one is insulin

A

beta cells produce it, hypoglycemic (lower blood glucose levels). increases glucose uptake of body cells, inhibits glycogen breakdown and stops non carb molecules to become glucose

76
Q

what is insulin release controlled by

A

elevated blood glucose, rising blood levels of amino acids and fats, ACH from PNS release, any hyperglycemic hormone will eventually release hormone

77
Q

pancreas homeostatic imabalnce- diabetes mellitus

A

inadequate or absent release of insulin by pancreas. causes consistently high blood sugar levels.

78
Q

normal range of blood glucose vs diabetes

A

70-99 normal, 126+ is diabetic

79
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

autoimmune disaorder, insulin is not produced at all. beta cells are destroyed by immune system, but insulin shots can help prior to meals. can lead to vascular and neural issues

80
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

insulin resistance, its produced and released but cells do not respond. combination of genetics and lifestyle. overweight and inactive can cause it, but management is possible w diet and exercise.

81
Q

gonads

A

females, ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone. estrogen matures reproductive organs, and sex characteristics . progesterone is boobs and mucosa lining for pregnancy
males, testosterone which matures and maintains reproductive organs. sex drive, secondary sex characteristics, and sperm

82
Q

placenta

A

a temporary endocrine organ. needs estrogen progesterone and hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) to maintain a pregnancy.

a&p final (4 decks)

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