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BIO 139 > Ch. 16 ENDOCRINE > Flashcards

Ch. 16 ENDOCRINE Flashcards

1
Q

What is the stimulus for GH (growth hormone) release?

A

GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone)

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2
Q

What is giantism?

A

Hypersecretion of GH as a child

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3
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

Hypersecretion of GH as an adult

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4
Q

What is dwarfism?

A

Hyposecretion of GH as a child

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5
Q

What is the function of PRL (prolactin)?

A

⬆️ milk production

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6
Q

What is PRL’s control of release?

A

PRH (prolactin releasing hormone)

PIH (prolactin inhibiting hormone)

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7
Q

What is the function of TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)?

A

Stimulate the thyroid gland

⬆️ T3,T4

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8
Q

What is the function of ACTH

A

Stimulate the adrenal cortex
⬆️ cortisol
⬆️ aldosterone

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9
Q

What is the function of FSH?

A

Stimulate the development of ovarian follicles, ⬆️ estrogen

Spermatogenesis

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10
Q

What is the function of LH?

A

Stimulate ovulation

ICSH- ⬆️ testosterone

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11
Q

Why are ACTH, LH, FSH, TSH tropic hormones?

A

Because they stimulate other hormones.

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12
Q

What are the functions of ADH?

A

⬆️ H2O reabsorption

Vasoconstriction

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13
Q

What is the stimuli for ADH?

A

⬆️ plasma osmolarity

⬇️ BP

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14
Q

What are osmoreceptors?

A

They sense an increase in osmolarity and stimulate the release of ADH

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15
Q

What is diabetes insipidus- neurogenic and nephrogenic?

A

ADH deficient.
Neurogenic is inability to produce ADH
Nephrogenic is ability to produce ADH, but not responsive to it

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of diabetes insipidus?

A

Copious amounts of dilute urine. Specific gravity will be low.

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17
Q

What is the function of oxytocin?

A

Milk ejection

Uterine contraction

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18
Q

What is the stimuli for Oxytocin ?

A

Suckling

Stretching of the uterus

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19
Q

What is the structure of the thyroid glands? What are thyroid follicles made of?

A

2 lobes connected by isthmus

Follicles are 1 layer of cuboidal epithelium + colloid

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20
Q

What element is required for thyroid hormone synthesis?

A

Thyroglobin

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21
Q

What is produced in C cells?

A

Calcitonin

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22
Q

What are all of the functions of T3, T4?

A 
⬆️ metabolic rate
⬆️ heat production 
Normal hydration of skin
Important in tissue development 
⬆️ adrenergic receptors in blood vessels
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23
Q

What does calorigenic mean?

A

Increased heat production

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24
Q

What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?

A 
Myxedema (puffiness of face and hands)
Cold
Weight gain
Sluggish
⬇️BP
Dry sin
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25
Q

What is a cause of hypothyroidism?

A

Blow to the neck, low iodine intake, surgical removal of thyroid gland

26
Q

What is treatment for hypothyroidism?

A

Synthroid- synthetic T3, T4

27
Q

What is a goiter?

A

Enlargement of the thyroid gland due to elevated TSH

28
Q

What is cretinism and symptoms?

A

Hypothyroidism in fetus. Symptoms are shortness, retardation, thick tongued

29
Q

What is Graves’ disease? Symptoms? Treatment?

A

Hyperthyroidism- occurs when mimic of TSH is produced
Symptoms are exopathalamus (bulging eyes), weight loss, ⬆️ BP, ⬆️ HR, sweaty
Treatment would be removal of thyroid gland or drink radioactive iodine

30
Q

What is the function of calcitonin?

A

⬇️ blood calcium levels by ⬇️ osteoclasts activity

⬇️ blood phosphate levels

31
Q

What is the stimulus for calcitonin? and what are its target organs?

A

⬆️ blood calcium levels

Bones and kidneys are target organs

32
Q

What are the functions of PTH and its control of secretion?

A

⬆️ blood calcium level
⬇️ blood phosphate levels
The control of secretion hypocalcemia/ ⬇️ blood calcium

33
Q

Name the 3 target organs for PTH and its effects

A
  1. Kidney- PTH promotes the activation of vitamin D, ⬆️ calcium reabsorption at the DCT
  2. Skeleton- PTH ⬆️ osteoclast activity
  3. Intestine- vitamin D ⬆️ Ca+2 absorption
34
Q

What are symptoms of hyperparathyroidism?

A

⬆️ excitability of neurons —– muscle tetany —–convulsions

35
Q

What is the structure of the adrenal cortex?

A

Divided into the cortex and medulla

36
Q

What are the 3 layers of the cortex and what hormones are produced there?

A
  1. Zona glomerulosa- aldosterone
  2. Zona fasiculata- cortisol
  3. Zona reticularis- androgens/ sex hormones
37
Q

What are the functions of aldosterone?

A

⬆️ Na+ reabsorption
⬆️ K+ secretion
⬆️ water reabsorption
⬆️ BV and BP

38
Q

What are the stimuli for aldosterone?

A
  1. renin-angiotensin system
  2. low levels of Na+, high levels of K+
  3. ACTH
39
Q

What hormone inhibits aldosterone release?

40
Q

What is the function of glucocorticoids- cortisol?

A
  1. ⬆️ blood glucose thru gluconeogenesis (carbohydrates—glucose)
  2. ⬆️ lipolysis
  3. ⬆️ protein break down
  4. sensitize blood vessels to vasoconstrict–⬆️BP
  5. anti-inflammatory
41
Q

What is Cushing’s Disease? Causes? Symptoms?

A

Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids/cortisol. Causes ACTH- releasing pituitary tumor, tumor of adrenal cortex. Symptoms include: hyperglycemia, loss of muscle and bone protein, hypertension, moon face, “buffalo hump”, enhanced inflammatory effects

42
Q

What is Addison’s Disease? Causes? Symptoms?

A

Hyposecretion of cortisol. Causes include defect of the adrenal gland (primary disorder), or decreased ACTH secretion (secondary disorder). Symptoms include:⬇️ Na+ levels, ⬆️ K+ levels, dehydration, hypotension, ⬇️ blood glucose, bronzing of skin

43
Q

What is treatment of Addison’s Disease?

A

Hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone

44
Q

Why does skin bronze in Addison’s Disease?

A

Because there is an increase in MSH which is part of the POMC molecule that contains ACTH which too increases

45
Q

What is the function of gonadocorticoids?

A

May contribute to puberty

46
Q

What cells produce epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A

Chromaffin cells

47
Q

What is the DIRECT stimulus for epi/norepi?

A

SNS nerves

48
Q

What are the functions of epi/norepi?

A

⬆️ HR, ⬆️ BP, ⬆️ glucose metabolism, ⬆️ respiratory rate, ⬆️ alertness, ⬇️ digestive activity

49
Q

What are the functions of glucagon?

A

⬆️ blood glucose levels

i. gluconeogenesis (noncarbohydrates—glucose)
ii. glycogenolysis (glycogen—glucose)

50
Q

What is the stimulus for glucagon?

A

⬇️ blood glucose

51
Q

What are the functions of insulin?

A

⬇️ blood glucose

i. glycogenesis (glucose—glycogen)
ii. protein sunthesis
iii. lipogenesis

52
Q

What is the stimulus for insulin?

A

⬆️ blood glucose levels

53
Q

What are the symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus?

A

Hyperglycemia, polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria, ⬆️ weight loss, metabolic acidosis, ketonuria.
Type I- insulin independent
Type II- insulin independent

54
Q

What hormones deal with BP?

A

ADH, aldosterone, Epi/Norepi, T3 and T4

55
Q

What hormones would relate to pregnancy?

A

FSH, LH, Oxytocin, TSH, PRL, T3 and T4,

56
Q

What hormones deal with electrolytes?

A

Aldosterone, ACTH

57
Q

What hormones are involved in stress?

A

TSH, T3 and T4, Cortisol

58
Q

What hormones are hyperglycemic?

A

cortisol, glucagon, GH, ACTH

59
Q

Name the 5 lobes produced and released from the anterior pituitary

A

TSH, GH, PRL, ACTH, FSH, LH

60
Q

What are the indirect effects of GH?

A

GH stimulates liver to release insulin like growth factors—-⬆️ skeletal growth, ⬆️ protein synthesis

61
Q

What are the direct effects of GH?

A

Metabolic. Fat—⬆️ lipolysis, Carbohydrates—⬆️ blood glucose levels

BIO 139 (1 decks)

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