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Clinical Chemistry 2 > Ch. 16 - Electrolytes (from ppt) > Flashcards

Ch. 16 - Electrolytes (from ppt) Flashcards

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1
Q

These are ions capable of carrying an electric charge

A

Electrolytes

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2
Q

Give the two classifications of electrolytes.

A

Anion

Cation

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3
Q

It is the type of electrolyte that has a negative charge and migrates toward the anode (+).

A

Anion

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4
Q

It is the type of electrolyte that has a positive charge and migrates toward the cathode (-).

A

Cation

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5
Q

Give the two ways by which enzymes are transported.

A

Active transport

Passive transport

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6
Q

This type of movement of ions require energy to move the ions across the cellular membrane

A

Active transport

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7
Q

Give an example of an active transport mechanism.

A

ATPase pump (NAK)

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8
Q

This type of movement of ions does not require energy and is the movement of molecules from high concentration to a lower concentration.

A

Passive transport

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9
Q

Give an example of a passive transport mechanism.

A

Osmosis

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10
Q

Enumerate the functions of electrolytes with the corresponding electrolyte responsible for it.

A

Acid Base balance Bicarbonate, K, Cl
Osmotic regulation Na, Cl, K
Myocardial rythm and contractility Mg, Ca, K
Nueromascular excitability Mg, Ca, K
Cofactors in enzyme activation Mg, Ca, Zn
Blood coagulation Mg, Ca
Production and use of glucose Mg, Phosphate
Regulation of ATPase pump Mg

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11
Q

What is the latin term for sodium?

A

Natrium

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12
Q

This is the most abundant cation in the ECF

A

Sodium

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13
Q

(T/F) Sodium is an osmoregulator

A

T

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14
Q

What is the main function of an osmoregulator?

A

Maintenance of osmolality

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15
Q

An increase in sodium will lead to an (increase/decrease) in osmolality

A

Increase

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16
Q

The normal values of sodium range from ___ to ___ mmol/L

A

135 - 145 (140 mmol/L)

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17
Q

The Na+-K+ ATPase pump moves ___ number of sodium ions out of the cell in exchange for ___ number of potassium ions moving into the cell as ATP is converted to ADP

A

3

2

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18
Q

What laboratory procedure is done to determine sodium levels?

A

Ion selective electrodes (ISE)

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19
Q

An increase of sodium will lead to hyperosmolality and will (stimulate/suppress) thirst.

A

Stimulate

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20
Q

A decrease of sodium will lead to decrease in osmolality and will (stimulate/suppress) thirst.

A

Suppress

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21
Q

The excretion of water is controlled by what enzyme?

A 
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Argenine vasopressin (AVP)
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22
Q

An increase in sodium will lead to the (release/inhibition) of Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/Argenine vasopressin (AVP).

A

Release

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23
Q

A decrease in sodium will lead to the (release/inhibition) of Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/Argenine vasopressin (AVP).

A

Inhibition

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24
Q

The blood volume status wherein there is deceased blood volume/pressure.

A

Hypovolemia

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25
Q

The blood volume status wherein there is increased blood volume/pressure.

A

Hypervolemia

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26
Q

This blood volume status induces the release of renin.

A

Hypovolemia

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27
Q

This is the enzyme that converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin.

A

Renin

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28
Q

This is the enzyme that converts angiotensin to angiotensin II.

A

Angiotensin converting enzyme

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29
Q

This hormone signals the adrenal gland to release aldosterone.

A

Angiotensin II

30
Q

Enumerate three functions of your aldosterone.

A

SODIUM RETENTION
WATER RETENTION
POTASSIUM EXCRETION

31
Q

This peptide induces water and sodium excretion and lowering of blood pressure.

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

32
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is used when this blood volume status is detected.

A

Hypervolemia

33
Q

This is the condition wherein sodium levels are less than 135 mmol/L. This is one of the most common electrolyte disorders

A

Hyponatremia

34
Q

What are the three types of hyponatremia and their corresponding omolality levels?

A

Isotonic Normal Osmolality
Hypotonic Low Osmolality
Hypertonic High Osmolality

35
Q

In this type of hyponatremia, there is increased renal loss of sodium.

A

Hypotonic hyponatremia

36
Q

This is a type of hypotonic hyponatremia wherein the urine sodium levels are <20 mmol/L

A

Non-renal Hypotonic hyponatremia

37
Q

What are the signs and symptoms/possible causes of Non-renal Hypotonic hyponatremia?

A

Prolonged vomiting
Diarrhea
Severe burns

38
Q

This is a type of hypotonic hyponatremia wherein the urine sodium levels are >20 mmol/L

A

Renal Hypotonic hyponatremia

39
Q

What are the signs and symptoms/possible causes of Renal Hypotonic hyponatremia?

A 
Hypoadrenalism
Potassium defiiency
Diuretic use (Tthiazides)
40
Q

In Hypotonic hyponatremia, increase in water retention can be due to _____…

A

Acute/Chronic renal failure
Congestive heart failure
Nephrotic syndrome & Hepatic cirrhosis

41
Q

In Hypotonic hyponatremia, increase in water imbalance can be due to _____…

A

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH)
Chronic polydypsia
Pseudohyponatremia

42
Q

This is the condition wherein there is an increase in water retention because of the production of Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/Argenine vasopressin (AVP).

A

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH)

43
Q

This is the most common cause for a false decrease in sodium content.

A

Pseudohyponatremia

44
Q

In this condition, the lysis of RBCs release NA+, K+ and water; the low concentration of Na+ in RBCs cause false (increase/decrease).

A

Decrease

45
Q

In this type of hyponatremia, there is an increase in glucose an mannitol.

A

Hypertonic hyponatremia

46
Q

This is the a sugar that can’t be metabolized

A

Mannitol

47
Q

This is the condition wherein sodium levels are greater than 145 mmol/L.

A

Hypernatremia

48
Q

Give three causes of hypernatremia

A

Increased intake or retention of sodium
Decreased water intake
Excess water loss

49
Q

The increased intake or retention of sodium causing hypernatremia could be caused by what factors?

A

Hyperaldosteronism
Sodium bicarbonate excess
Dialysis fluid

50
Q

The decreased water intake causing hypernatremia could be caused by what factors?

A

Older persons
Infants
Mental impairment

51
Q

The excess water loss causing hypernatremia could be caused by what factors?

A 
Diabetes insipidus
Renal tubular disorder
Prolonged diarrhea
Profuse sweating
Severe burns
52
Q

This is a type of diabetes insipidus wherein the kidneys can’t respond to ADH/AVP.

A

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

53
Q

This is a type of diabetes insipidus wherein ADH/AVP secretion is impaired.

A

Central diabetes insipidus

54
Q

This is characterized by copious production of dilute urine (3 to 20 L/day)

A

Diabetes insipidus

55
Q

This is a condition wherein the tubules become unable to fully concentrate the urine.

A

Renal tubular disease/disorder

56
Q

What is the latin term for potassium?

A

Kalemia

57
Q

This is the major intracellular cation.

A

Potassium

58
Q

What is the lab method used to determine potssium levels?

A

Ion selective electrode (ISE): Liquid Ion Exchange Membrane Electrode (W/ valinomycin)

59
Q

Enumerate four functions of potassium.

A

Regulation of neuromascularexcitability
Contraction of the heart
ICF volume
Hydrogen concentration

60
Q

Potassium loss occurs whenever the Na+-K+ ATPase pump is inhibited by condition such as _____…

A

Hypoxia
Hypomagnesemia
Digoxin overdose

61
Q

_____ promotes acute entry of K+ into skeletal muscle and liver by increasing Na+-K+ ATPase activity.

A

Insulin

62
Q

Enumerate two catecholamines that regulate potassium.

A

Epinephrine (beta-2 stimulator)

Propanolol (beta blocker)

63
Q

This is a catecholamine that promotes cellular entry of K+.

A

Epinephrine (beta-2 stimulator)

64
Q

This is a catecholamine that impairs cellular entry of K+.

A

Propanolol (beta blocker)

65
Q

Give a hormone that regulates potassium.

A

Aldosterone (DCT)

66
Q

What organ produces aldosterone?

A

Kidney

67
Q

Enumerate factors that regulate potassium:

A 
Na+-K+ exchange
Kidneys
Hyperosmolality
Cellular breakdown
Exercise
68
Q

(T/F) Potassium can be released in the muscles

A

T

69
Q

Moderate exercise will increase potassium levels by ___ to ___ mmol/L

A

0.3 - 1.2

70
Q

Severe exercise will increase potassium levels by ___ to ___ mmol/L

A

2 - 3

71
Q

This causes water to diffuse from the cells; since water diffuses with potassium without sodium exchange, there is gradual depletion of K+.

A

Hyperosmolality

Clinical Chemistry 2 (5 decks)

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