Ch 16 and 17

Question 1

Adjustment

Answer 1

The ability of humans to survive in stressful environments by nongenetic means

Question 2

Behavioral Adjustment

Answer 2

Survival in a stressful environment made possible by cultural means, primarily technology

Question 3

Acclimatory Adjustment

Answer 3

Reversible physiological adjustments to stressful environments

Question 4

Hypothermia

Answer 4

Lowered body temperature induced by cold stress

Question 5

Critical Temperature

Answer 5

The temperature at which the body must begin to resist a lowering of body temperature; occurs in the nude human body at approximately 31 degrees Celsius

Question 6

Vasoconstriction

Answer 6

Constriction of the capillaries in the skin in response to cold temperatures that prevents much of the warm blood from reaching the surface of the body where heat could be lost

Question 7

Basal Metabolic Rate

Answer 7

The measure of the total energy utilized by the body to maintain those body processes necessary for life; the minimum level of heat produced by the body at rest

Question 8

Conduction

Answer 8

The movement of heat from one object to anther by direct contact

Question 9

Convection

Answer 9

Movement of hear from an object to the surrounding fluid either gas or liquid; hear causes the gases and fluid to move away from the object

Question 10

Radiation

Answer 10

Electromagnetic energy that is given off by an object

Question 11

Evaporation

Answer 11

Liquid is transformed into a gas utilizing energy

Question 12

Sweating

Answer 12

The production of a fluid, sweat, by the sweat glands of the skin; the evaporation of the swear from the skin leads to a cooling of the body

Question 13

vasodilation

Answer 13

Opening up of the capillaries of the skin in response to warm temperatures, increasing the flow of blood to the surface of the body and thereby increasing the loss of body heat

Question 14

High-altitude sickness

Answer 14

Includes shortness of breath, physical and mental fatigue, rapid pulse rate, headaches; occurs in persons not acclimatized to high altitudes

Question 15

Partial pressure

Answer 15

The pressure exerted by a particular gas in the atmosphere

Question 16

Alveoli

Answer 16

Small air sacs, located in the lungs, that are richly endowed with blood capillaries. Oxygen is absorbed by the blood in the alveoli

Question 17

Hyperventilation

Answer 17

Increased breathing rate producing a high level of oxygen in the lungs

Question 18

Developmental Adjustments

Answer 18

Alterations in the pattern of growth and development resulting from environmental influences

Question 19

Residual Volume

Answer 19

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after the most forceful expiration

Question 20

Adaptation

Answer 20

Changes in gene frequencies resulting from selective pressures being placed on a population by environmental factors; results in a greater fitness of the population to its ecological niche

Question 21

Melanin

Answer 21

Brown-black pigment found in skin, eyes, and hair

Question 22

Epidermis

Answer 22

The outermost layer of the skin

Question 23

Melanocyte

Answer 23

Specialized skin cell that produces the pigment melanin

Question 24

Rickets

Answer 24

A bone disease that usually is caused by a lack of calcium, phosphate, or vitamin

Question 25

Gloger’s rule

Answer 25

Within the same species of mammals, there is a tendency to find more heavily pigmented forms near the equator and lighter forms away from the equator

Question 26

Bergmann’s Rule

Answer 26

Within the same species of mammals, the average weight of the members of a population increases and the surface area of the body decreases as the average environmental temperature decreases

Question 27

Allen’s rule

Answer 27

Among mammals, populations of the same species living near the equator tend to have body parts that protrude more and to have longer limbs than do populations farther away from the equator

Question 28

Growth

Answer 28

Increase in the size or mass of an organism

Question 29

Development

Answer 29

The process whereby cells differentiate into different and specialized units; change over time form an immature to a mature or specialized state

Question 30

Hyperplasia

Answer 30

Growth by virtue of increase in the total number of cells resulting from mitosis

Question 31

Hypertrophy

Answer 31

Growth by virtue of increase in the size of cells

Question 32

Accretion

Answer 32

Growth by virtue of an increase in intercellular material

Question 33

Osteology

Answer 33

The study of bones

Question 34

Primary Center of Ossification

Answer 34

Area of first appearance of bone within the cartilage model of a long bone

Question 35

Ossification

Answer 35

The process of bone formation

Question 36

Secondary Center of Ossification

Answer 36

Area of bone development, usually near the end of a long bone

Question 37

Growth plate

Answer 37

Narrow zone on a bone where bone growth occurs