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Anatomy Ch 16 > Ch 16 > Flashcards

Ch 16 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of tissues make up the respiratory system?

A

Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium and simple squamous epithelium

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2
Q

The process by which air moved into and out of the lungs is called

A

Breathing

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3
Q

The process by which oxygen is obtained from the environment and delivered to the cells is

A

Respiration

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4
Q

The exchange of air between the atmosphere and the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs: accomplished by inhalation and exhalation of breathing is ____ ____

A

Pulmonary ventilation

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5
Q

___ ____ exchange is what occurs in the lungs as oxygen diffuses from air sacs into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood to be eliminated “lung breathing”

A

External gas exchange

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6
Q

____ ____ __ ___ ____ is where circulating blood carries gas between the lungs and tissues, supplying oxygen to the cells and bringing back carbon dioxide

A

Gas transport in the blood

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7
Q

____ ___ exchange is what occurs in the tissues as oxygen diffuses from the blood to the cells. Carbon dioxide travels from cells into the blood

A

Internal gas exchange

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8
Q

____ is also described as the related process that occurs at cellular level

A

Respiration

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9
Q

___ ___ is where the cells take oxygen and use it in the breakdown of nutrients. The cells release energy and carbon dioxide

A

Cellular respiration

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10
Q

What is a waste product of cellular respiration

A

Carbon dioxide

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11
Q

Trace the pathway of the air from entry into the nose to the alveoli in the lungs (there’s 8)

A
  1. Nose
  2. Pharynx
  3. Larynx
  4. Trachea
  5. Bronchi
  6. Bronchioles
  7. Terminal bronchioles
  8. Alveoli
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12
Q

___ means increased heart rate

A

Tachypenia

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13
Q

____ is where a patient may have COPD and they have shortness of breath when laying down

A

Orthopnea

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14
Q

____ is shortness of breath, labored breathing

A

Dyspnea

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15
Q

What bones of the skull that house the paranasal sinuses (there’s four)

A
  1. Sphenoidal
  2. Ethmoid
  3. Frontal
  4. Maxilla
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16
Q

Air enters the respiratory system through the openings in the nose called the ____

A

Nostrils

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17
Q

The two spaces between the mouth and cranium is known as

A

Nasal cavities

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18
Q

The nasal cavities are separated from each other by a partition called the ___ ___

A

Nasal septum

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19
Q

The septum is made up of ___ ___

A

Hyaline cartilage

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20
Q

The septum and the walls of the nasal cavities are covered in serous and mucous membranes consisting of ____ ____ ____

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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21
Q

On the walls of each nasal cavity there are three projections called the

A

Conchae

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22
Q

The shell like ___ increased the surface area of the mucous membrane over which the air travels in its way through the nasal cavities

A

Conchae

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23
Q

Nose number 1 function is

  1. Breathing- cilia protects from bacteria and warms the oxygen
  2. Smell
  3. The membranes secrete about 1 Qt of fluid each day
A

Know

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24
Q

____ or throat, carries air into the respiratory tract and carries foods and liquids into the digestive system.

A

Pharynx

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25
Q

The superior portion of the pharynx that is located behind the nasal cavity is the

A

Nasopharynx

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26
Q

The middle section of the pharynx located posterior to the mouth is called the

A

Oropharynx

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27
Q

The most inferior portion of the pharynx is called the ______

A

Laryngopharynx

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28
Q

____ is commonly called the voice box and connects the pharynx with the trachea it’s rigid framework is composed of nine portions of hyaline cartilage

A

Larynx

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29
Q

The anterior part of the larynx is called the __ ___ and it protrudes the anterior it the neck. The projection is commonly called the Adam’s apple

A

Thyroid cartilage

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30
Q

The _____ ____ cartilage forms a ring below the thyroid cartilage and is used as a landmark for medical procedures involving the trachea

A

Inferior cricoid cartilage

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31
Q

Folds of the mucous membrane used in producing speech are located centrally in the superior larynx and are called ___ ___, they vibrate as air flows over them

A

Vocal cords

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32
Q

A mans larynx is larger than a woman’s. His vocal cords are thicker and longer resulting in a lower range of pitch.

A

Know

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33
Q

Superior to the vocal folds there are additional folds in the laryngeal mucous membrane known as ____ folds sometimes called “false folds” as they do not contribute to speech

A

Vestibular folds

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34
Q

The little leaf shaped cartilage that covers the larynx during swallowing is called the ____

A

Epiglottis

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35
Q

The ____ and the epiglottis keep good and liquids out of the remainder of the respiratory tract

A

Glottis

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36
Q

___ means inhaling material into the respiratory tract

A

Aspirate

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37
Q

____ commonly called the windpipe and it’s a tube that extends from the inferior edge of the larynx to the mediastinum, just superior to the heart

A

Trachea

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38
Q

___ conducts air between the larynx and the lungs

A

Trachea

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39
Q

At its inferior end, the trachea divides into two mainstem or primary _____ which enter the lungs

A

Bronchi

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40
Q

The right bronchus is considerably larger than the left and extends downward in a more vertical direction.

A

Know

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41
Q

Each bronchus enter the lung at a depression called the ___

A

Hilum

42
Q

The lining of the air passageways, bronchi, trachea, and other conducting passageways of the respiratory tract are lined with a mucous membrane called ___ ____ ___ but the cells are arranged in such way they appear stratified Thus is described as pseudostratified “falsely stratified”

A

Ciliated columnar epithelium

43
Q

The lungs contain both air passageways and minute, thin walled sacs called ___

A

Alveoli

44
Q

The left lung has a indentation on its medial side to accommodate the heart

A

Know

45
Q

The right lung is subdivided by a horizontal and an oblique tissue into ____ lobes

A

Three

46
Q

The left lung is divided by a single oblique fissure into ___ lobes

A

Two lobes

47
Q

The smallest of the conducting tubes are called ____

A

Bronchioles

48
Q

The histology of the bronchioles gradually change as they become smaller. The amount of cartilage decreases until it is totally absent in the bronchioles which remains mostly smooth muscle and is involuntary

A

Know

49
Q

_____ ____ are the smallest subdivisions of the bronchial tree, there are clusters of tiny air sacs in which most external gas exchange takes place

A

Terminal bronchioles

50
Q

The ____ ___ brings blood to and from the lungs

A

Pulmonary circuit

51
Q

The lungs are in thoracic cavity which is separated from the abdominal cavity by the muscular partition known as the ___

A

Diaphragm

52
Q

A continuous doubled sac called the ____ cover each lung and is a serous membrane composed of epithelial layer overlying areolar tissue

A

Pleura

53
Q

The portion attached to the chest wall is the __ pleura

A

Parietal

54
Q

The portion attached to the lung surface is the ____ pleura

A

Visceral

55
Q

Between the two layers of the pleura is the ____ ___ containing thin film of fluid that lubricates the membranes

A

Pleural space

56
Q

____ is the drawing of air into the lungs

A

Inhalation

57
Q

___ is the expulsion of air from the lungs

A

Exhalation

58
Q

In ____ the active phase of quiet breathing the respiratory muscles of the thorax and diaphragm contract to enlarge the thoracic cavity

A

Inhalation

59
Q

The ease with which one can expand the lungs and thorax in inhalation is called ___

A

Compliance

60
Q

Certain alveolar cells produce ____ which is a substance that reduces the surface tension of the fluids that line the alveoli

A

Surfactant

61
Q

__ is a mixture of lipoproteins that reduce service tension to break down fats; also allows the lungs to expand and fill adequately with air during inhalation

A

Surfactant

62
Q

____, the passive phase of quiet breathing, the respiratory muscles relax allowing the ribs and the diaphragm to return to their original positions

A

Exhalation

63
Q

___ ____ determines how easily air flows down the pressure gradient. The smaller the airway the greater the friction and greater the resistance to flow

A

Airway radius

64
Q

___ ____ exchange is the movement it fades between the alveoli and the capillary blood in the lungs: separates alveolar air from the blood in fompos r of the alveoli wall and the capillary walls. Both are very thin

A

External Gas exchange

65
Q

The pressure of a gas within a gas mixture such as air is called the ____ ___

A

Partial pressure

66
Q

A very small amount of the oxygen in the blood is carried in a solution in the ____

A

Plasma

67
Q

Oxygen does dissolve in water although most of the oxygen that diffuses into the capillary blood in the lungs burns to the hemoglobin in red blood cells

A

Know

68
Q

Carbon dioxide is produced continuously in the tissues as a byproduct of cellular respiration and it diffuses from the tissue cells in the blood and is transported to the lungs by 1. Dissolving in plasma

  1. Combined with protein portion of hemoglobin and with plasma proteins
  2. Transported as an ion known as bicarbonate
A

Know

69
Q

___ ___ which is formed when carbon dioxide undergoes a chemical stage after it enters the red blood cells

A

Bicarbonate ion

70
Q

An enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of carbon dioxide with bicarbonate ion and hydrogen ion is ___ ___

A

Carbonic anhydrase

71
Q

____ ___ is important in regulating the bloods pH (acid base balance)

A

Carbon dioxide

72
Q

As a bicarbonate ion is formed from carbon dioxide in the plasma a ____ ____ is also produced

A

Hydrogen ion

73
Q

The blood becomes more acidic as the amount of carbon dioxide increases. The exhalation of carbon dioxide shifts the blood pH more toward the alkaline (basic) range

A

Know

74
Q

The ____ ion is also an important buffer in the blood acting chemically to help the pH of the body fluids with in a steady range of 7.35 to 6.45

A

Bicarbonate ion

75
Q

____ ____ system controls the fundamental respiratory pattern

A

Central nervous system

76
Q

The respiratory control center is a complex network for neurons located in the medulla and pons of the brain stem: the controls center main part, located in medulla is to set basic pattern of respiration. These centers fire about 12 times per min so we breath every 5 sec

A

Know

77
Q

_____ is important in control of respiration. Like the receptor for taste and smell they are sensitive to chemicals that dissolve in body fluids, regulate respiration and are located centrally near brain stem and peripherally in arteries:

A

Chemoreceptors

78
Q

The central chemoreceptors are on either side or the rain stem near the medullary respiratory center. They respond to co2 level in circulating blood and the gas acts indirectly: co2 is capable of diffusing through the capillary blood brain barrier

A

Know

79
Q

The rise in Co2 level is known as ____, increases the rate and depth of breathing

A

Hypercapnia

80
Q

____ is increased rate of breathing that may be normal as in exercise

A

Tachypnea

81
Q

___ refers to an increase in both the depth and rate of breathing to meet the body’s metabolic needs as in exercise

A

Hyperpnea

82
Q

____ is a decrease in the rate and depth of breathing

A

Hypopnea

83
Q

___ is a temporary cessation of breathing short periods of this fan occur normally during sleep

A

Apnea

84
Q

____ is the rate and depth of breathing increases above optimal levels: occur during anxiety attacks or when a person is experiencing pain or other forms of stress making less co2 in blood

A

Hyperventilation

85
Q

Hyperventilation increases the exhalation of carbon dioxide and decreases the level of that gas in the blood which is a condition called __

A

Hypocapnia

86
Q

Hyperventilation shifts the equation to the left removing acidic products from the blood and increasing pH. This condition is referred to as ____ can result in dizziness and tingling sensations

A

Alkalosis

87
Q

__ means lower than normal oxygen level in the tissues

A

Hypoxia

88
Q

____ refers to a lower than normal oxygen partial pressure in arterial blood

A

Hypoxemia

89
Q

Normal inhalation is- active process

Normally breathing out is passive process

Forcefully breathing out is active process

A

Know

90
Q

Why are lungs elastic

A

So they can expand then recoil

91
Q

____ pressure is the pressure between the visceral and the parietal pleura pressure

A

Inter-pleural pressure

92
Q

___ pressure forces air into the lungs

A

Atmospheric pressure

93
Q

What pleural membrane lines the chest cavity

A

Parietal pleura

94
Q

___ prevents collapsing, tension, in alveoli

A

Surfactant

95
Q

What transports co2 in the blood

A

Bicarbonate

96
Q

Most of the o2 is transferred by ____

A

Hgb in blood

97
Q

____ moving air from outside to inside

A

Ventilation

98
Q

____ contracts in normal breathing

A

Diaphragm

99
Q

Excessively breathing involves the ____ ___

A

Intercostal ribs

100
Q

____ tissue is outside of the alveoli for tissue

A

Alveolar tissue

101
Q

Main respiratory stimulate is

A

CO2

102
Q

_____ ____ initiates impulse by generating the action of potential at regular intervals and sets the rate of heart contraction in the upper right atrium

A

SA Node

Anatomy Ch 16 (1 decks)

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