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anatomy exam 3 > ch. 16 > Flashcards

ch. 16 Flashcards

1
Q

components of blood:

A

formed elements, plasma, hematocrit, buffy coat

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2
Q

formed elements of blood:

A
  • erythrocytes
  • leukocytes
  • platelets
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3
Q

Erythrocytes (characteristics,function)

erythro= red

A
  • RBC’s that transport oxygen (most of the reddish mass at the bottom of the tube)
  • biconcave shape
  • lack of nucleus
  • contain mostly hemoglobin(“bags” of hemoglobin)
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4
Q

leukocytes (characteristics,function,various types)
(leuko= white)
(“Never let monkeys……”)

A
  • WBC’s that act in various ways to ortect the body
  • less than 1% of blood volume
  • only formed element that are complete cells
  • far less numerous than RBC’s

Various types: neutrophils(50-70%), lymphocytes(25% or more), monocytes(3-8%), eosinophils(2-4%), basophils(0.5-1%)

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5
Q

Platelets

A
  • seal small tears in blood vessels; instrumental in blood clotting
  • cell fragments
  • contain clotting assisting chemicals such as ADP, seratonin and Ca 2+
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6
Q

Hemoglobin: (characteristics;function;relationship to erythrocytes)

A
  • protein that makes RBC’s red
  • (globin, 2 alpha chains, 2 beta chains); heme with Fe2+ in the center to hold the O2.
  • Oxygen loading and unloading.
  • Oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, carbaminohemoglobin (hemoglobin carrying carbon dioxide at the amino acid part of the molecule).
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7
Q

Hematopoiesis

A
  • the formation of blood or of blood cells
  • hemocytoblast (stem cell) →→ → reticulocyte, a late stage in production, released to the blood
  • becomes erythrocyte in 1-2 days
  • Reticulocyte counts..
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8
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A

produced by the kidneys

  • stimulates erythropoiesis in bone marrow.
  • Use of recombinant EPO for patients with kidney damage who are anemic—-> Iron stores in the liver: ferritin (and hemosiderin).
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9
Q

Destruction of erythrocytes in spleen

A

-When RBC’s age they are removed from the circulation and destroyed by macrophages on the spleen..(also in liver and bone marrow)

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10
Q

Heme

A

-bilirubin which is transported to the liver and then winds up in the bile for excretion. -Increased blood bilirubin can result in jaundice.

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11
Q

Types of Anemias:

A
  • iron deficiency anemia
  • pernicious anemia
  • sickle-cell anemia
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12
Q

pernicious anemia

A

-lack of absorption of vitamin B12 due to lack of intrinsic factor produced by the stomach

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13
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

-formation of a hemoglobin that has one incorrect amino acid and results in the cells having a sickle shape; a genetic condition.

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14
Q

Polycythemia

A

-production of too many RBCs.

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15
Q

Granulocytes (appearance&function)

A

-have granules
-spherical in shape
-larger and much shorter lived that erythrocytes(in most cases)
-lobed nuclei
-membrane bound cytoplasmic granules–>
(neutrophils–smal granules, Eosinophils–red granules,basophils–blue granules)

–Functionally they are phagocytes

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16
Q

Agranulocytes

A
  • dont have granules
  • lymphocytes(small cells w/ large round nucleus)
  • monocytes(largest of the WBC’s)
17
Q

Neutrophils (function&appearance)

A
  • most abundant WBC (50-70%)
  • multilobed nucleus (3-6 lobes)
  • inconspicuous cytoplasmic granules
  • pale lilac cytoplasm

Function: MAJOR PHAGOCYTES–take in bacteria and the granules combine w/ vesicle and destroy the bacteria

18
Q

Eosinophils

A
  • 2-4 % of pop.
  • bilobed nucleus
  • red cytoplasmic granules
  • stains red/orange

Function: KIll parasitic worms; complex role in allergy and asthma

19
Q

Basophils

A
  • less than 1% of pop.
  • large U or S shaped nucleus w/ 2 or more indentations
  • course granules in cytoplasm
  • bilobed nucleus
  • purpulish black cytoplasmic granules

Function: release histamine and other mediators of inflammation; contain heparin(an anticoagulant)

20
Q

Lyphocytes (2 types..B & T)

A
  • 25% or more
  • spherical or indented nucleus
  • accounts for most of cell mass
  • pale blue cytoplasm

Function:mount immune response by direct cell attack or via antibodies

21
Q

B lymphocytes

A
  • transform into plasma cells and produce antibodies
22
Q

T lymphocytes

A

-destroy cancerous cells and virus infected cells

23
Q

Monocytes

A
  • 3-8% of pop.
  • largest of WBC’s
  • kidney shaped nucleus
  • abundant cytoplasm
  • gray-blue cytoplasm(stain)

Function: Phagocytosis; develop into macrophages in the tissues(occurs especially w/ chronic infection); activate the immune response by activating lymphocytes

24
Q

Role of interleukins and CSFs (colony stimulating factors) in stimulating production of types of WBCs.

A
  • they are glcoprotiens
  • G-CSF stimulates production of neutrophils
  • Neupogen–given to cancer patients when neutrophil count is low
25
Q

Platelet participation in hemostasis:

A

vascular spasm; platelet plug; clotting.

26
Q

vascular spasm

A
  • smooth muscle contraction in blood vessel(vasoconstriction), to keep blood away from the tear
  • happens immediately
27
Q

platelet plug formation

A
  • tear in vessel allows colegen fibers to be exposed
  • platelets stick to collagen fibers
  • then become sticky and release granule contents which increase platelet stickiness
  • Platelet granule release of ADP, serotonin, thromboxane A2.
  • -Positive feedback:platelet stick–>become more sticky–>then more platelets stick
28
Q

Coagulation(clotting)

A
  • complex process w/ 30 clotting factors that leads to a fibrin meshwork that holds the torn tissue together until tissue is repaired
  • tissue and blood vessel damage activates and inactive factor thatnow activates the next inactive factor..etc. until we form a prothrombin activator.
29
Q

role of TPA

A

-a clot buster to dissolve clots during heart attack or stroke

30
Q

role of plasmin

A

-breaks down fibrin–then clot dissolves

31
Q

hemophelia

A

missing one clot factor

anatomy exam 3 (3 decks)

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