ch. 16

Question 1

components of blood:

Answer 1

formed elements, plasma, hematocrit, buffy coat

Question 2

formed elements of blood:

Answer 2

• erythrocytes
• leukocytes
• platelets

Question 3

Erythrocytes (characteristics,function)

erythro= red

Answer 3

• RBC’s that transport oxygen (most of the reddish mass at the bottom of the tube)
• biconcave shape
• lack of nucleus
• contain mostly hemoglobin(“bags” of hemoglobin)

Question 4

leukocytes (characteristics,function,various types)
(leuko= white)
(“Never let monkeys……”)

Answer 4

• WBC’s that act in various ways to ortect the body
• less than 1% of blood volume
• only formed element that are complete cells
• far less numerous than RBC’s

Various types: neutrophils(50-70%), lymphocytes(25% or more), monocytes(3-8%), eosinophils(2-4%), basophils(0.5-1%)

Question 5

Platelets

Answer 5

• seal small tears in blood vessels; instrumental in blood clotting
• cell fragments
• contain clotting assisting chemicals such as ADP, seratonin and Ca 2+

Question 6

Hemoglobin: (characteristics;function;relationship to erythrocytes)

Answer 6

• protein that makes RBC’s red
• (globin, 2 alpha chains, 2 beta chains); heme with Fe2+ in the center to hold the O2.
• Oxygen loading and unloading.
• Oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, carbaminohemoglobin (hemoglobin carrying carbon dioxide at the amino acid part of the molecule).

Question 7

Hematopoiesis

Answer 7

• the formation of blood or of blood cells
• hemocytoblast (stem cell) →→ → reticulocyte, a late stage in production, released to the blood
• becomes erythrocyte in 1-2 days
• Reticulocyte counts..

Question 8

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Answer 8

produced by the kidneys

• stimulates erythropoiesis in bone marrow.
• Use of recombinant EPO for patients with kidney damage who are anemic—-> Iron stores in the liver: ferritin (and hemosiderin).

Question 9

Destruction of erythrocytes in spleen

Answer 9

-When RBC’s age they are removed from the circulation and destroyed by macrophages on the spleen..(also in liver and bone marrow)

Question 10

Heme

Answer 10

-bilirubin which is transported to the liver and then winds up in the bile for excretion. -Increased blood bilirubin can result in jaundice.

Question 11

Types of Anemias:

Answer 11

• iron deficiency anemia
• pernicious anemia
• sickle-cell anemia

Question 12

pernicious anemia

Answer 12

-lack of absorption of vitamin B12 due to lack of intrinsic factor produced by the stomach

Question 13

sickle cell anemia

Answer 13

-formation of a hemoglobin that has one incorrect amino acid and results in the cells having a sickle shape; a genetic condition.

Question 14

Polycythemia

Answer 14

-production of too many RBCs.

Question 15

Granulocytes (appearance&function)

Answer 15

-have granules
-spherical in shape
-larger and much shorter lived that erythrocytes(in most cases)
-lobed nuclei
-membrane bound cytoplasmic granules–>
(neutrophils–smal granules, Eosinophils–red granules,basophils–blue granules)

–Functionally they are phagocytes

Question 16

Agranulocytes

Answer 16

• dont have granules
• lymphocytes(small cells w/ large round nucleus)
• monocytes(largest of the WBC’s)

Question 17

Neutrophils (function&appearance)

Answer 17

• most abundant WBC (50-70%)
• multilobed nucleus (3-6 lobes)
• inconspicuous cytoplasmic granules
• pale lilac cytoplasm

Function: MAJOR PHAGOCYTES–take in bacteria and the granules combine w/ vesicle and destroy the bacteria

Question 18

Eosinophils

Answer 18

• 2-4 % of pop.
• bilobed nucleus
• red cytoplasmic granules
• stains red/orange

Function: KIll parasitic worms; complex role in allergy and asthma

Question 19

Basophils

Answer 19

• less than 1% of pop.
• large U or S shaped nucleus w/ 2 or more indentations
• course granules in cytoplasm
• bilobed nucleus
• purpulish black cytoplasmic granules

Function: release histamine and other mediators of inflammation; contain heparin(an anticoagulant)

Question 20

Lyphocytes (2 types..B & T)

Answer 20

• 25% or more
• spherical or indented nucleus
• accounts for most of cell mass
• pale blue cytoplasm

Function:mount immune response by direct cell attack or via antibodies

Question 21

B lymphocytes

Answer 21

• transform into plasma cells and produce antibodies

Question 22

T lymphocytes

Answer 22

-destroy cancerous cells and virus infected cells

Question 23

Monocytes

Answer 23

• 3-8% of pop.
• largest of WBC’s
• kidney shaped nucleus
• abundant cytoplasm
• gray-blue cytoplasm(stain)

Function: Phagocytosis; develop into macrophages in the tissues(occurs especially w/ chronic infection); activate the immune response by activating lymphocytes

Question 24

Role of interleukins and CSFs (colony stimulating factors) in stimulating production of types of WBCs.

Answer 24

• they are glcoprotiens
• G-CSF stimulates production of neutrophils
• Neupogen–given to cancer patients when neutrophil count is low

Question 25

Platelet participation in hemostasis:

Answer 25

vascular spasm; platelet plug; clotting.

Question 26

vascular spasm

Answer 26

- smooth muscle contraction in blood vessel(vasoconstriction), to keep blood away from the tear - happens immediately

Question 27

platelet plug formation

Answer 27

- tear in vessel allows colegen fibers to be exposed - platelets stick to collagen fibers - then become sticky and release granule contents which increase platelet stickiness - Platelet granule release of ADP, serotonin, thromboxane A2. - -Positive feedback:platelet stick-->become more sticky-->then more platelets stick

Question 28

Coagulation(clotting)

Answer 28

- complex process w/ 30 clotting factors that leads to a fibrin meshwork that holds the torn tissue together until tissue is repaired - tissue and blood vessel damage activates and inactive factor thatnow activates the next inactive factor..etc. until we form a prothrombin activator.

Question 29

role of TPA

Answer 29

-a clot buster to dissolve clots during heart attack or stroke

Question 30

role of plasmin

Answer 30

-breaks down fibrin--then clot dissolves

Question 31

hemophelia

Answer 31

missing one clot factor