CH 16, 17, 18

Question 1

SA node is the ____ pacemaker and the __ sound

Answer 1

main pacemaker, S1 sound

Question 2

AV node is the ____ pacemaker, and the __ sound

Answer 2

backup pacemaker, S2 sound

Question 3

Arteries of the heart and side

Answer 3

Right Main Arteries

• Right coronary artery (RCA)
• Posterior descending artery (PDA)

Left Main Arteries

• Left Anterior Descending Artery (LAD)
• Circumflex Coronary Artery (CIRC)

Question 4

Most common place for a heart attack

Answer 4

Left Anterior descending artery (LAD)

Question 5

__ Na+ pumped __, and __ K+ pumped __

Answer 5

3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ in

Question 6

Cells internal action potential is ______ charged because the the pump activity creates a net outward current of ____ positive charges

Answer 6

negatively, positive

Question 7

Atrial Arrhythmias/dysrhythmias originate from where

Answer 7

SA node, Atria, or AV node

Question 8

S = Ventricular Arrhythmias/dysrhythmias originate from where

Answer 8

Bindle of His, purkinje fibers, or ventricle muscles

Question 9

Tachycardia ____ cardiac output, particularly when ventricular rate is ___

Answer 9

reduces, great than 160

Question 10

In tachycardia, stroke volume becomes _____ because of _______ and ______ (____) at high rates of_____

Answer 10

stroke volume is reduced because of decreased ventricular filling time and decreased overall ventricular filling (preload) at high rates of contraction

Question 11

Preload Definition

Answer 11

volume of blood in the heart at the end of diastole

• the amount of blood in the ventricle after it contracts, as it’s filling
• the volume of blood that enters the right atrium from the venous system

Question 12

preload factors

Answer 12

those that affect cardiac output but occur before contraction

Question 13

Afterload is

Answer 13

the amount of resistance that the ventricle must overcome in order to pump blood out of the heart

Question 14

the greater the _____ _______ ______ _____, the greater the ______ against the ____ ____

Answer 14

systemic arterial vascular resistance, the greater the afterload against the left ventricle

Question 15

most commonly, afterload describes…

Answer 15

the resistance exerted by the pressure within the aorta against the left ventricle

Question 16

_____ artery pressure creates ____ ____ for the ____ _____

Answer 16

pulmonary artery pressure creates high afterload for the right ventricle

Question 17

Stroke Volume is

Answer 17

the amount of blood pumped out or ejected from the left ventricle with each contraction

Question 18

stroke volume is also referred to as

Answer 18

left ventricular ejection fraction

Question 19

cardiac output is

Answer 19

the amount of blood that the heart pumps out of the left ventricle each minute

Question 20

cardiac output is diminished in HF because…

Answer 20

the left ventricle is weakened and cannot adequately pump blood out of the chamber

Question 21

cardiac contractility is

Answer 21

the ability of the myocardium to stretch and contract in response to the filling of the heart with blood

Question 22

LVEF stands for

Answer 22

Left ventricular ejection fraction

Question 23

LVEF is

Answer 23

the volume of blood pumped with each ventricular contraction

Question 24

Healthy and HF percentages of LVEF

Answer 24

Healthy: 60-70% of blood volume pumped out with each contraction.

HF: <40%

Question 25

Most common cause of MI

Answer 25

Thrombus formation from endothelial injury and inflammation

Question 26

Acute MI is an ____ ____ ____ that occurs when….

Answer 26

an acute coronary syndrome that occurs when the heart tissue endures prolonged ischemia without recovery

Question 27

Ischemic necrosis is..

Answer 27

the process where myocardial cells suffer irreversible damage because of hypoxia and die