Ch 15. Toxicology Flashcards
What are the sympathomimetic drugs of abuse (4)
- Cocaine
- Amphetamines
- Cathinone’s (bath salts)
- Methcathinone (khat)
- Caffeine
How do you differentiate NMS, serotonin syndrome, and anticholinergic toxidromes? (3)
- All will be agitated, delirious.
- NMS and SS have fever, increased HR, increased BP, increased RR, rigidity. NMS has lead pipe cogwheel rigidity. SS has hyperreflexia and clonus. Serotonin syndrome: agitation, altered LOC, restless, hyperthermia, tachycardia, tachypnea, rigidity, hyper-reflexia, tremor, and MYOCLONUS
- Exposure: AntiCh – TCA or an anti drug. Serotonin Syndrome (antidepressants) has a predictable effect of excess serotonin and tends to come on quickly and go away quickly (24-48 hrs). NMS (antipsychotics) has a much more indolent onset (Scott Luckyk Grandma Fever – elderly individual has been acting funny for a few days and now she has a fever). It has a less predictable onset and may not go away for days to weeks. It is rare and a diagnosis of exclusion.
What is your hot and crazy DDx? (6)
- Sympathomimetics: Cocaine, Meth, Caffeine, Anticholinergics (TCA, plants Jimson weed)
- Syndromes: Serotonin Syndrome, Neuroleptic Malignant Sydrome, Malignant Hyperthermia
- Infectious: Sepsis, Meningitis, Encephalitis
- Metabolic: Pheochromocytoma, Thyrotoxicosis
5. Environmental: Heat stroke - Toxicological: Aspirin, Dinitrophenol (DNP), withdrawal from EtOH, Benzodiazepines, MDMA
What are your anticholinergics (5)
- Antidepressants
- Antipsychotics
- Antihistamines (dimenhydrinate)
- TCA
- Gimsum weed (plants)
Anticholinergic toxidrome (6)
“Mad as a hatter, dry as a bone, red as a beet, blind as a bad, hot as Hades, the bowel and bladder lose their tone and the heart runs alone”
- Fever
- Dry
- Altered mental status
- Tachycardia
- Urinary retention
- Decreased bowel sounds
- Mydriasis (dilated pupils)
Cholinergic toxidrome (8)
- Diaphoresis
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Miosis
- Salivation
6. Urinary incontinence - Bronchorrhea
- Bronchospasm
- Bradycardia
Rx. Atropine
Treatment of anticholinergic toxicity (3)
- Supportive
- Physostigmine 1-2mg IV for adults over 5-10mins, start with 0.1mg or 0.2mg and watch the HR closely. -Beware bradycardia/seizure/cholinergic effects, but probably very safe!
- Sodium bicarb for wide complex QRS, QTprolongation (sodium channel blockade, ex TCA)
Cyanide poisoning Sx and antidote (2)
- Consider in all significant smoke inhalations, especially industrial fires, with metabolic acidosis, neuro dysfunction, elevated lactate
1. Sx = HA, anxiety, confusion, coma, seizures, tachy or brady dysrhythmia, abdo pain, flushing, renal failure, rhabdo (Basically all of your cells shut down)
2. Cyanide antidote = cyanokit (hydroxycobalamin, sodium thiosulfate)
How much oxygen does this deliver (3)
- Nasal cannula 6L/min =
- Simple oxygen facemask 10L/min =
- Facemask NRB 15L/min =
- Nasal cannula 6L/min = 40%
- Simple oxygen facemask 10L/min = 50%
- Facemask NRB 15L/min = 95%
Name the antidote: 1. CCB: 2. BB: 3. Cyanide: 4. Digoxin: 5. Benzodiazepines: 6. Local anaesthetic: 7. Oxidizing toxins (nitrites, benzocaine, sulfonamide): 8. Isoniazid: 9. TCA: 10. Serotonin syndrome: 11. NMS: 12. Carbon monoxide: 13. Cholinergic (pesticides): 14. Anti-cholinergic 15. Toxic alcohol (methanol, ethylene glycol): 16. Rattlesnake (Crotiladae envenomation): 17. Iron:
- CCB: calcium chloride, high dose insulin, glucagon, Norepi, intralipid, atropine, pacing
- BB: calcium chloride, high dose insulin, glucagon, vasopressors, intralipid, atropine, pacing
- Cyanide: cyanide antidote kit (amyl nitrite, or sodium nitrite)
- Digoxin: digibind
- Benzodiazepines: Flumazenil
- Local anaesthetic: intralipid
7. Oxidizing toxins (nitrites, benzocaine, sulfonamide): methylene blue - Isoniazid: pyridoxine (B12)
- TCA: sodium bicarb
- Serotonin syndrome: supportive, and cyproheptadine
11. NMS: supportive, and bromocriptine/dantrolene
12. Carbon monoxide: 100% FiO2, hyperbaric oxygen * Consider in your altered patient, smoke/exhaust exposure, elevated lactate *
13. Cholinergic (pesticides): atropine q5min. Repeat indefinetly. - Anti-cholinergic: physostigmine
- Toxic alcohol (methanol, ethylene glycol): Fomepizole
- Rattlesnake (Crotiladae envenomation): Cro-Fab
- Iron: Defuroxamine
Salicylate toxidrome (5)
- ASA, oil of wintergreen (methyl salicylate)
1. Altered mental status
2. Tinnitus
3. Metabolic acidosis, respiratory alkalosis
4. Tachycardia, tachypnea, arrhythmias, shock
5. N+V
6. Diaphoresis
Activated charcoal does NOT bind these things (6)
* PHAILS * 1. Pesticides 2. Hydrocarbons and heavy metals 3. Alcohol 4. Iron 5. Lithium 6. Solvents
Three options for decontamination (3)
- Gastric lavage
- Charcoal
- Whole bowel irrigation
How do you do urinary alkalinisation? (3)
- Bolus 1-2mEq/kg IV sodium bicarb
- 2 amps of sodium bicarb in 800mL D5W, infuse at 200mL/hour
- May need 20mEq KCl
- Monitor VBG q2hours for K+ and bicarb
- Aim for urine pH 7.5-8.5
ECG features of TCA toxicity (3)
*TCA’s block fast sodium channels * 1. Wide QRS, with a slurred S wave 2. Tachycardia 3. Brugada pattern 4. Heart blocks and bradycardia 5. Ventricular tachycardia 6. Prolonged QT 7. Right axis deviation (slurred S wave)
Indication for activated charcoal (example: TCA overdose) (1)
- Awake, alert, patent airway, bad toxicity, and within 1 hour of ingestion
Bupropion overdose patients are more at risk of __________ (1)
- Seizures (also agitation, tremor, N+V, sinus tachycardia)
Patients taking trazadone are at risk of ________ (1)
- Priapism