Ch. 15 Growth And Development Framework Flashcards
The nurse is explaining the concept of growth to a parent. Which of the following statements should be made by the nurse?
A. “Growth means adding height and weight to your body.”
B. “We continue to grow in various ways throughout life.”
C. “How much we grow is based on gender.”
D. “Growth stops when we are young adults.”
B. “We continue to grow in various ways throughout life.”
Which of the following statements is correct related to the concept of growth?
A. Growth occurs mainly during early childhood
B. Older adults do not experience growth-related changes
C. Growth refers only to the increase in the size of specific organs and systems
D. Growth occurs throughout the life cycle
D. Growth occurs throughout the life cycle
The nurse at a well-baby clinic is assessing a 12-month old child. At birth, the child weighed 7 lb. 3 oz. During this visit, the child weighs 21 lb 10 oz. Which of the following conclusions would the nurse make about the child’s weight?
A. The infant is gaining weight faster than anticipated
B. The infant is malnourished
C. The infant is at the expected weight for his or her age
D. The infant is having a growth spurt
C. The infant is at the expected weight for his or her age
The school nurse has been asked to order growth charts. Which of the following growth charts should be selected to assessing children in first through fifth grades?
A. Generic body mass index chart
B. Height and weight chart
C. Revised CDC growth chart
D. WHO international growth chart
C. Revised CDC growth chart
A school nurse is obtaining the height and weight of a 9-year old child. Which of the following is the best method to assess the child’s growth?
A. Use serial measurements over time
B. Use this measurement
C. Use this measurement and compare it with the child’s peers
D. Use the WHO growth chart to assess this child’s measurements
A. Use serial measurements over time
An infant’s central nervous system develops before his peripheral nervous system. This pattern is an example of which of the following?
A. Cephalocaudal
B. Proximodistal
C. Differentiation
D. Specialization
B. Proximodistal
Which of the following would be an example of differentiation as a pattern of development?
A. An infant raises his head before controlling his arms
B. An infant shows the Moro reflex when startled
C. An infant uses his whole hand to grasp and months later he has a pincer grasp
D. A child walks sooner than did any of his siblings
C. An infant uses his whole hand to grasp and months later he has a pincer grasp
A mother comes to the pediatric clinic and says to the nurse, “I am worried about my 11-month old baby because he isn’t crawling yet and his brother crawled when he was 11 months old. Is something wrong?” Which of the following statements should the nurse make?
A. “It is highly unusual for siblings not to reach developmental milestones at the same time. I’ll ask the doctor to assess him.”
B. “All babies reach developmental milestones at different rates.”
C. “This may be something to worry about. I’ll have the doctor examine him.”
D. “Don’t worry; he’ll crawl soon enough.”
B. “All babies reach developmental milestones at different rates.”
Which of the following statements describes Erikson’s theory of development?
A. A healthy personality is defined by the lack of pathology
B. Stages of development advance based on psychosocial factors
C. The main presumes of the theory is that individuals are interdependent beings and rely on each other in order to develop successfully
D. An individual must successfully accomplish the developmental stage before proceeding to the next stage
D. An individual must successfully accomplish the developmental stage before proceeding to the next stage
Increasing competence and adaptability, which reflects understanding of complexity, defines
A. Learning
B. Maturation
C. Differentiation
D. Stability
B. Maturation
According to Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, which of the following statements is correct?
A. Cognitive function continues to become refined throughout life
B. A child’s greatest task is to make sense of the world around him or her
C. Culture plays a major role in cognitive development
D. Learning precedes development
B. A child’s greatest task is to make sense of the world around him or her
Which of the following statements summarizes Vygotsky’s theory of development?
A. All children develop cognitively at the same rate
B. Social and cultural influences aren’t major factors in cognitive development
C. Learning is an individual activity
D. Experience creates learning
D. Experience creates learning
Kohlberg’s theory of moral development is based on
A. Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
B. Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
C. Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development
D. Gilligan’s theory of moral development
B. Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
According to Vygotsky’s theory, the distance between the actual and potential level of development is called
A. Region of compromised development
B. Scaffolding
C. Zone of proximal development
D. Developmental delay
C. Zone of proximal development
For which theorist would the social, cultural, and political environment be an important component to learning and development?
A. Kolhlberg
B. Gilligan
C. Vygotsky
D. Piaget
C. Vygotsky
Which of the following statements about Gilligan’s theory of moral development is accurate?
A. This theory is based on a sense of absolute right and wrong
B. This theory is gender specific
C. This theory is dependent on one’s stage of cognitive development
D. This theory is based on the premise that women view situations in terms of rules
B. This theory is gender specific
A nurse is caring for a person with the nursing diagnosis of chronic sorrow related to missed opportunities. Which of the following nursing interventions would be appropriate for this person?
A. Sharing a personal story with the person to demonstrate empathy
B. Assuring the person that he or she will be able to cope with the illness
C. Encouraging the person to discuss his or her fears
D. Contacting a support group representative for the person
C. Encouraging the person to discuss his or her fears
A nurse is teaching parents of a toddler about nutrition. Which of the following statements should be made by the nurse?
A. “Raisins are a good finger food because they provide fiber.”
B. “Grapes are a good snack choice because they help toddlers meet their daily fruit requirements.”
C. “Hot dogs aren’t a safe food choice because they may cause choking.”
D. “A small piece of chewing gum will help strengthen jaw muscle; just be sure he or she doesn’t swallow it.”
C. “Hot dogs aren’t a safe food choice because they may cause choking.”
A nurse who is conducting a parenting class is asked how to select a good day care center for an 18-month old child. Which of the following responses should be made by the nurse?
A. “Day care centers that schedule age-appropriate educational videos increase verbal ability.”
B. “Human interaction increases a toddler’s verbal skills, so select a day care center that values adult-to-toddler interaction.”
C. “Learning to understand the meaning of words is increased when toddlers are exposed to educational DVDs, so select a day care center that has an extensive library of age-appropriate, educational DVDs.”
D. “There really is no difference in the quality of day care centers based on whether or not videos or DVDs are used for educational purposes.”
B. “Human interaction increases a toddler’s verbal skills, so select a day care center that values adult-to-toddler interaction.”
A high school sophomore engages in risky behavior to fit in with his peers. According to Erikson’s theory of human development, which of the following developmental conflicts is this student facing?
A. Initiative vs. guilt
B. Industry vs. inferiority
C. Identity vs. role confusion
D. Intimacy vs. isolation
C. Identity vs. role confusion
A child is focused on peer approval and avoidance of “not fitting in.” According to Kohlberg, this child is experiencing which of the following stages of moral development?
A. Preconventional
B. Conventional
C. Postconventional
D. Preoperational
B. Conventional
The nurse is caring for a person who donated a kidney to a stranger in need. According to Gilligan’s stages of moral development, the person who donated the kidney is in which of the following stages?
A. Preconventional
B. Conventional
C. Postconventional
D. Midconventional
B. Conventional
A nurse is attending a continuing education program about growth and development. Why is it necessary that nurses are well educated about this content? Select all that apply.
A. Have a better understanding of genetics and genomics
B. Can meet the requirements of Healthy People 2010
C. Can provide more effective health education
D. Can deliver anticipatory guidance to families
A. Have a better understanding of genetics and genomics
C. Can provide more effective health education
D. Can deliver anticipatory guidance to families
A nurse is educating new parents about normal growth and development for their child. Which of the following items would the nurse include in this discussion? Select all that apply.
A. Trends in childhood obesity
B. Availability of a well-balanced diet
C. Exposure to lead-based pain
D. Height/weight of relatives
B. Availability of a well-balanced diet
C. Exposure to lead-based pain
D. Height/weight of relatives
The school nurse is conducting an in-service program for teachers that discusses the development of elementary school children. According to Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, which of the following information would the nurse include? Select all that apply.
A. Use abstract thought to discuss a story
B. Make moral decisions concerning right and wrong actions
C. Listen to a peer’s point of view about a playground situation
D. Be influenced by his or her friends
C. Listen to a peer’s point of view about a playground situation
D. Be influenced by his or her friends
What affects growth and development?
Growth Development Learning Maturation Culture Nutrition Infections Parenting styles Exposure pre/post-natal
Growth
Quantifiable change in structure
What influences growth?
Gender
Age
Genetics
Environment (prenatal/postnatal exposures, nutrition, culture, parenting, infections, injuries)
Development
Advance in skill from lower to more advanced complexity
Types of early developmental patterns
Cephalocaudal
Proximodistal
Differentiation
Cephalocaudal
Head-to-toe
Proximodistal
Midline to periphery
Differentiation
Simple to complex
Maturation
Increased competence because of changes in structural complexity that make higher function possible
Erikson’s 8 Stages
Trust vs. mistrust Autonomy vs. shame and doubt Initiative vs. guilt Industry vs. inferiority Identity vs. role confusion Intimacy vs. isolation Generativity vs. stagnation Ego integrity vs. despair
Piaget’s Theory
Individuals strive to maintain balance between assimilation and accommodation
Piaget’s stages of cognitive development
Sensorimotor
Pre-operational
Concrete operations
Formal operations
Vygotsky’s Theory
Learning preceded development
Focus on cultural, social, and political influences on learning/development
Zone of proximal development
Vygotsky’s Theory
Distance between actual and potential developmental level
ex. Children “pulled” toward new learning; guidance from others called “scaffolding”
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
Based on Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive
Based on interviews that focused on hypothetical moral dilemmas
ex. Should a man steal an expensive drug that would save his dying wife?
Kohlberg’s stages of moral development
Preconventional
Conventional
Postconventional
Gilligan’s Theory of Moral Development
Women scored lower than men using Kohlberg’s tool
-suggests a different process of moral development exists in women
Women think and act based on caring and relationships (vs. ethics/justice of men)
Preconventional (Kohlberg’s)
Avoiding punishment
Gaining reward
Conventional (Kohlberg’s)
Gaining approval
Avoiding disapproval
Postconventional (Kohlberg’s)
Agreeing upon rights
Establishing personal moral standards
Achieving justice
Preconventional (Gilligan’s)
Characteristics: what is practical to others and best for self, realizing connection to others
Goal: individual survival
Conventional (Gilligan’s)
Characteristics: Sacrifices wants and needs to fulfill others’ wants and needs
Goal: Self-sacrifice is goodness
Postconventional (Gilligan’s)
Characteristics: moral equal of self and others
Goal: Principle of nonviolence, do not hurt self or others
