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Pathophysiology - Whitney Wood > Ch 15 > Flashcards

Ch 15 Flashcards

1
Q

What are opportunistic pathogens?

A

microflora that are capable of causing disease if your health & immunity are weakened, and therefore become a pathogen

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2
Q

What are Prions?

A

small, modified, infectious host proteins (abnormally shaped versions of your own proteins)
**cause degenerative disease in the CNS

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3
Q

What is a zoonosis?

A

a disease passed from animals to humans

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4
Q

What does nosocomial mean?

A

acquired in the hospital

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5
Q

What is a fomite?

A

a nonliving object contaminated with infected body secretions

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6
Q

What are the 5 stages of infection?

A

Incubation Stage: active replication without symptoms
Prodromal Period: early s/s
Acute Stage: maximum manifestations, tissue damage & inflammation
Convalescent Stage: contain infection, eliminate pathogen, repair damage
Resolution Stage: total elimination, no residual manifestions

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7
Q

-itis

A

inflammation

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8
Q

-emia

A

in the blood

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9
Q

sepsis/septicemia

A

bacterial toxins in the blood

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10
Q

virulance factors

A

make an infection more likely to cause disease; these include exotoxins, endotoxins, adhesion factors, and evasive factors

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11
Q

How do antibiotics kill bacteria?

A

they target cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, nucleic acid synthesis, and bacterial metabolism

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12
Q

How do antiviral agents kill viruses?

A

block RNA or DNA synthesis, block viral binding to cells, and block production of the capsids (protein coats) of new viruses

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13
Q

What does infection/colonization mean?

A

microorganisms are multiplying in or on the host

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14
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

the immune systems first line of defense; it is always present; attacks self from non-self; does NOT distinguish between different microbes

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15
Q

What cells are included in innate immunity?

A
  • epithelial barriers
  • phagocytic cells (neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells)
  • plasma proteins & NK cells
  • cell messenger molecules
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16
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

immunity that is specific and involves memory of previously seen pathogens; adaptive immunity includes the antigen presenting cells (macrophages & dendrites) and the lymphocytes (t & b cells)

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17
Q

Review what a monocyte is…

A

monocytes circulate in the blood, & then migrate to the inflammatory site where they mature to become macrophages,
**as a phagocyte they are part of innate immunity, but then they can be antigen presenting cells which begin adaptive immunity

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18
Q

What is the role of neutrophils in immunity?

A

they play the most important role in innate immunity; they are usually NOT antigen presenting; they are the first responders in the inflammatory response; they have a short life & then die and become a part of purulent exudate

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19
Q

What is the role of dendritic cells in immunity?

A

they are found in their immature form under epithelial tissue and in organs; they capture and transport foreign agents to the closest lymph nodes; they mature in the lymph node & become antigen presenting cells; they also release mediators to help direct the adaptive immune system

20
Q

What is the roll of B lymphocytes in immunity?

A

THEY PRODUCE ANTIBODIES

-mature into plasma cells in the bone marrow

21
Q

What is the role of T lymphocytes in immunity?

A
  • can be either t helper cells or t cytotoxic cells
  • T Helper cells are needed for B cell to make antibodies
  • T cytotoxic cells directly kill intracellular pathogens
  • mature in the thymus
22
Q

What is the role of NK cells in immunity?

A
  • 1st line of defense against viruses
  • kill tumor/mutated cells
  • kill cells with intracellular bacteria
23
Q

What is MALT?

A

mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (includes tonsils); this is where a large number of plasma cells live; often at or near a portal of entry

24
Q

What are the components of the central lymphoid tissue?

A

bone marrow and thymus

25
Q

Cytokines

A
  • proteins
  • short half life
  • pleotropic & redundant
  • include CSF & chemokines & chemical mediators & inflammatory mediators, etc.
26
Q

What are examples of chemokines?

A

interleukins and interferons

27
Q

What are examples of colony stimulating factors?

A

thrombopoietin and erythropoietin

28
Q

What do colony stimulating factors do?

A

stimulate stem cells to differentiate

29
Q

How do the cells of innate immunity determine self from non self?

A

pattern recognition, toll-like recognition, opsonins, cytokines, and the complement system

30
Q

What are opsonins?

A

tags for phagocytosis

31
Q

What are the 4 steps of phagocytosis?

A

Recognition and adherance, phagosome formation, phagolysosome, and intracellular killing

32
Q

When a cell is lysed, what is released?

A

inflammatory mediators

33
Q

What is an epitope?

A

unique identifier; tiny piece of the antigen that is placed on the antigen-presenting cell surface and attached to MHC II

34
Q

Can antibodies work on intracellular pathogens?

A

NO

35
Q

Which MHC do CD4 cells attach to?

A

MHCII

36
Q

Which MHC do CD8 cells attach to?

A

MHCI

37
Q

Why is a low CD4 count a serious problem?

A

you can’t start an immune response

38
Q

What are the 2 kinds of T helper cells?

A

TH1 - stimulate t cytotoxic cells & other phagocytic cells
TH2-stimulate B cells

39
Q

What is the human MHC called?

A

HLA (human leukocyte antigens) - this is what we check for in organ transplantation

40
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A

a type of adaptive immunity

-deals with b cells and ANTIBODIES and extracellular microbes

41
Q

What is cell-mediated immunity?

A
  • eliminates intracellular microbes
  • CD8 cytotoxic cells
  • CD4 helper cells
42
Q

IgG

A

cirulates in body fluids attacking antigens

  • can cross the placenta and protect the newborn
  • most abundant Ig
43
Q

IgM

A

circulates in body fluids; early immune response

  • activates complement system
  • ABO blood antibodies
  • has 5 units
44
Q

IgA

A

found in secretions on mucus membranes; prevents antigens from entering the body
-also found in breast milk

45
Q

IgD

A

found on the surface of B cells; acts as an antigen receptor

-needed for maturation of B cells into plasma cells

46
Q

IgE

A

found on mast cells in tissues; starts inflammation

-parasitic and hypersensitivity reactions

Pathophysiology - Whitney Wood (3 decks)

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