Ch 15

Question 1

The study of how the immediate social context as well as broader cultural environments influence people’s thoughts, feelings, and actions.

Answer 1

Social psychology

Question 2

A tendency to assume that a new and familiar person has the same traits as another, known person whom he or she resembles in some way.

Answer 2

Transference

Question 3

The tendency to overestimate the extent to which other people’s beliefs and attitudes are similar to our own.

Answer 3

False consensus

Question 4

A series of strategies that people use to influence the impressions that others form of them.

Answer 4

Impression management

Question 5

Assignment of a casual explanation for an event, action, or outcome.

Answer 5

Attribution

Question 6

The tendency to assume that people’s actions are more the result of their internal dispositions than of the situational context.

Answer 6

Fundamental attribution error

Question 7

The attributions people make for their own behaviors or outcomes: We tend to make dispositional attributions for positive events but situational attributions for negative events.

Answer 7

Self-serving attributions

Question 8

People’s inability to accurately predict the emotional reactions they will have to events.

Answer 8

Affective forecasting errors

Question 9

An orientation toward some target stimulus that is composed of an affective feeling, a cognitive belief, and a behavioral motivation toward the target.

Answer 9

Attitude

Question 10

An automatically activated evaluation of a stimulus ranging from positive to negative.

Answer 10

Implicit attitudes

Question 11

The consciously reported evaluation a person has in response to a target stimulus.

Answer 11

Explicit attitudes

Question 12

A theory of persuasion contending that attitudes can change by two different routes: a central route that focuses on the strength of the argument and a peripheral route that is sensitive to more superficial cues.

Answer 12

Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)

Question 13

A sense of conflict between people’s attitudes and actions that motivates efforts to restore cognitive consistency.

Answer 13

Cognitive dissonance

Question 14

The patterns of behavior, traditions, and preferences that are tacitly sanctioned by a given culture or subculture.

Answer 14

Social norms

Question 15

The process by which people implicity mimic, adopt, or internalize the behaviors and preferences of those around them.

Answer 15

Conformity

Question 16

Pressure to conform to others’ actions or beliefs based on a desire to behave correctly or gain an accurate understanding of the world.

Answer 16

Informational social influence

Question 17

Pressure to conform to others’ actions or beliefs in order to gain approval from others or avoid social sanctions.

Answer 17

Normative social influence

Question 18

An enhancement of the dominant behavioral response when performing a task in the mere presence of others; easy or well-learned tasks are performed better, but difficult or novel tasks are performed worse.

Answer 18

Social facilitation

Question 19

The tendency for individuals to expend less effort on a task when they are doing it with others rather than alone

Answer 19

Social loafing

Question 20

A tendency for people’s attitudes to become more extreme after they discuss an issue with like-minded others.

Answer 20

Group polarization

Question 21

A form of biased group decision making whereby pressure to achieve consensus leads members of the group to avoid voicing unpopular suggestions.

Answer 21

Groupthink

Question 22

An integrative framework of the various factors and psychological processes that contribute to an act of aggression.

Answer 22

General aggression model

Question 23

A phenomenon whereby simple exposure to a gun or weapon can increase aggressive responses by bringing violent thoughts to mind.

Answer 23

Weapons effect

Question 24

An evolved or adaptive strategy of assisting those who share one’s genes, even at personal cost, as a means of increasing the odds of genetic survival.

Answer 24

Kin selection

Question 25

An automatic tendency to help others who have helped in the past or are expected to help in the future.

Answer 25

Norm of reciprocity

Question 26

The inability to accurate simulate the mental suffering of another person.

Answer 26

Empathy gap

Question 27

The lower likelihood of people coming to the aid of a victim when in the presence of other observers than if they are alone.

Answer 27

Bystander effect

Question 28

A situation that can occur when people are collectively unaware of each other’s true attitudes or beliefs.

Answer 28

Pluralistic ignorance

Question 29

A tendency for people in a group to assume that someone else is in a better position to act or has already acted.

Answer 29

Diffusion of responsibility

Question 30

Mental representations or schemas that summarize the beliefs and/or associations we have for a group of people.

Answer 30

Stereotypes

Question 31

A negative attitude toward a group or members of a group.

Answer 31

Prejudice

Question 32

A tendency for individuals to receive different treatment or outcomes as a result of their membership in a given social group.

Answer 32

Discrimination

Question 33

A theory asserting that negative intergroup attitudes develop whenever groups compete against one another for access to the same scarce resources.

Answer 33

Realistic group conflict theory

Question 34

A theory that explains why people develop a more positive attitude toward their own ingroup than towards outgroups

Answer 34

Social identity theory

Question 35

The tendency to redirect one’s prejudice towards a racial or ethnic group to the policies that might benefit that group.

Answer 35

Symbolic racism

Question 36

A tendency, even among egalitarian-minded people, to have unconscious negative reactions to people of racial or ethnic outgroups

Answer 36

Aversive racism

Question 37

The proposal that prejudice can be reduced through sanctioned, friendly, and cooperative interactions between members of different groups working together as equals towards a common goal.

Answer 37

Contact hypothesis

Question 38

A technique to reduce intergroup prejudice by dividing an assignment among a diverse group of students and having them learn the information cooperatively.

Answer 38

Jigsaw classroom

Question 39

A theory that predicts sex differences in attraction due to the greater time, effort, and risk assumed by women than by men during procreation

Answer 39

Parental investment theory

Question 40

A model that specifies passion, intimacy, and commitment as distinct elements that combine in various ways that lead to different types of love.

Answer 40

Triangular theory of love