ch. 14 unrinary Flashcards
*2Name of the glands located directly superior to the kidneys *
*5Degree of rotation from supine which is required to place the kidneys parallel to the IR 30°
*6Two landmarks which can be palpated to locate the kidneys Xiphoid process and Iliac crest
*7Term which describes an abnormal drop of the kidneys when the Pt is placed erect Nephroptosis
8Three main functions of the urinary system 1.Remove nitrogenous waste 2.Regulate water levels 3.Regulate acid-base balance
*9Term for a buildup of nitrogenous waste in the blood Uremia
*10Name of the longitudinal fissure located along the central medial border of the kidney Hilum
*11Name of the peripheral or outer portion of the kidney Cortex
*12Term which describes the total functioning portion of the kidney Renal Parenchyma
*13Name of the microscopic functional and structural unit of the kidney Nephron
*14Name of the structural part of the medulla which is made up of a collection of tubules that drain into the major calyx Renal Pyramids
*15Alternate (older) name for the glomerular capsule Bowman capsule
*16Location of the glomerular capsule and proximal and distal convoluted tubules in the kidney Located in the cortex
*17Name of the arterioles which carry blood to the glomeruli Afferent arterioles
*18Location in the kidney of the loop of Henle Medulla
*19Location in the kidney of the distal convoluted tubule Cortex
*20Location in the kidney of the afferent arteriole Cortex
*21Location in the kidney of the efferent afteriole Cortex
*22Location in the kidney of the glomerular capsule Cortex
*23Location in the kidney of the proximal convoluted tubule Cortex
24Location in the kidney of the descending limb Medulla
*25Location in the kidney of the ascending limb Medulla
*26Location in the kidney of the collecting tubule Medulla
*27Two processes which move urine through the ureters to the bladder Peristalsis and gravity
*28Most anterior structure between the proximal ureters, kidneys, urinary bladder, and suprarenal glands Urinary Bladder
29Name of the junction found between the distal ureters and urinary bladder Ureterovesical junction
30Name of the inner, posterior region of the bladder formed by the two ureters entering and the urethra exiting Trigone
*31Name of the small gland found just inferior to the male bladder Prostate gland
*32Total volume capacity for the average adult bladder 350mL-500mL
*33Most posterior structure between the ovaries, female urethra, vagina, and kidneys Kidneys
*34Two methods by which intravenous contrast media may be administered Bolus injection or Drip infusion
*35Type of contrast (ionic or nonionic) which uses a parent compound of a benzoic acid Ionic
36Type of contrast (ionic or nonionic) which will not significantly increase the osmolality of the blood plasma Nonionic
*37Type of contrast (ionic or nonionic) which incorporates sodium or meglumine to increase solubility of the contrast media Ionic
*38Type of contrast (ionic or nonionic) which creates a hypertonic condition in the blood plasma Ionic
*39Type of contrast (ionic or nonionic) which is more expensive Nonionic
*40Type of contrast (ionic or nonionic) which produces less severe reactions Nonionic
41Type of contrast (ionic or nonionic) which is a near-isotonic solution Nonionic
*42Type of contrast (ionic or nonionic) which poses a greater risk for disrupting homeostasis Ionic
*43Type of contrast (ionic or nonionic) which uses a parent compound of an amide or glucose group Nonionic
*44Type of contrast (ionic or nonionic) which may increase the severity of side effects Ionic
45Compound which is a common anion found in ionic contrast media Diatrizoate or iothalamate
46Theory which states that any disruption in the physiological functions of the body may lead to a contrast media reaction Chemotoxic theory
*47Normal creatinine level range for an average adult 0.6 - 1.5 mg/dL (milligram per deciliter)
*48Normal BUN level range for an average adult 8-25 mg/100mL
*49Disease which is managed using the drug Metformin hydrochloride Diabetes Mellitus
*50Amount of time the American College of Radiology recommends that Metformin be witheld for following a contrast media procedure 48 hours - and resumed only if kidney function is determined to be within normal limits
51Ten contraindications which may prevent a Pt from having a contrast media procedure performed 1.Iodine Allergy 2.Anuria 3.Multiple myeloma 4.Diabetes mellitus 5.Severe hepatic or renal disease 6.CHF 7.Pheochromocytoma 8.Metformin or glucagon 9.Sickle cell anemia 10.Acute or chronic renal failure
*52Four general categories of contrast media reactions 1.Mild 2.Moderate 3.Severe 4.Organ specific
*53Type of reaction which is a true allergic response to iodinated contrast media Anaphylactic reaction
*54Type of reaction which is due to the stimulation of vagus nerve by introduction of contrast media resulting in falling heart rate and blood pressure Vasovagal reaction
*55Danger level of a vasovagal reaction Life-threatening
*56How soon renal failure can occur after an iodinated contrast media procedure Within 48 hours
*57Category of reaction under which Bradycardia symptoms exist (100bpm) Moderate reaction
*59Category of reaction under which Angioedema symptoms exist Moderate reaction
*60Category of reaction under which Lightheadedness symptoms exist Mild reaction
*61Category of reaction under which Hypotension symptoms exist (systolic BP to include upper abdomen
174Error which occurred when nephrogram taken during an IVU reveals minimal contrast within the renal parenchyma, mostly filling into calyces Too long of a delay between contrast injection and nephrogram exposure. Must take nephrogram within 60 seconds of injection
*175Correction to be made when a 45° RPO IVU reveals the Left kidney foreshortened Decrease obliquity of the RPO to no more than 30°
176Correction to be made for an AP IVU during compression phase when contrast has left the collecting system of the kidneys and the pneumatic paddles have been inflated at the umbilicus Place the pneumatic paddles just medial to the ASIS to allow for compression of the distal ureters against the pelvic brim
*177Correction to be made during an AP axial cystogram which shows the floor of the bladder superimposed over the symphysis pubis Increase caudal angle of CR to project the symphysis pubis below the bladder. Typical CR angle is 10°-15° caudal
178Imaging sequence modification for an IVU when the Pt has a clinical Hx of renal hypertension Decrease the span of time between projections to capture all phases of the urinary system (take images at 1, 2, and 3 minutes rather than 1, 5, and 15 minutes)
179Change to be made about the compression phase of an IVU when the scout film reveals an abnormal density near the lumbar spine, which indicates aortic aneurysm Compression phase should not be performed, consult radiologist or physician
180IVU projection which will best demonstrate an enlarged prostate gland (accoridng to Pt Hx) Erect prevoid AP projection
181Alternative modalities for Pt with a Hx of both bladder calculi and severe reactions to contrast media Ultrasound, CT, or Nuclear medicine
182Preferred imaging modality for a Pt with possible kidney calculi when iodinated contrast cannot be used CT is preferred, Nuclear medicine can also be performed
183Questions to ask IVU Pt with diabetes Ask Pt if on Metformin or similar meds, inform MD before injection of contrast, MD must verify kidney Fxn before resuming meds
*184Action to be taken for IVU Pt who complains of metallic taste and sudden urge to urinate These are expected side-effects, Pt should have been informed before exam that no medical treatment is needed
185Is a Pt with BUN of 15mg/100mL and Creatinine of 1.3mg/mL within safe limits for an IVU? Both levels are within acceptable limits, however the MD or injecting technologist should be notified
186Aspect of the bladder into which the ureters enter Posterolateral
*187Where the kidneys lie in relation to the psoas muscles Each kidney lies on the anterior surface of each psoas muscle
188Angle to the coronal plane at which the kidneys lie 30°
*190Amount of drop in the position of the kidneys while upright which indicates nephroptosis More than 2 inches
191Term for the condition caused by the buildup of nitrogenous waste in the blood Uremia
192Amount of urine normally produced by the kidneys in 24 hours 1.5 Liters
*196Name for the microscopic unit of the kidney Nephron
198Percentage of glomerulate filtrate processed by the nephron which is reabsorbed 99%
199Name for the inner posterior triangular aspect of the bladder which is attached to the floor of the pelvis Trigone
200Circumstances under which a pregnant Pt should have an IVU performed When the benefit of the procedure outweighs the risks of the radiation exposure
Condition which is considered a high-risk for an iodinated contrast media procedure Pheochromocytoma
Best course of action for a Pt experiencing a mild-level contrast media reaction Observe and reassure the Pt
A typical example of a vasovagal reaction Cardiac arrhythmia
Classification of a true allergic reaction to iodinated contrast Anaphylactic reaction
Drug which may be given to minimize the risk for acute renal failure following a contrast media procedure Lasix
Term for the constant or frequent involuntary passage of urine Urinary incontinence
Term for the absences of a functioning kidney Renal agenesis
Term for complete cessation of urinary secretion by the kidneys Anuria
Forms of polycystic disease are inherent in which age group? Adults
Another term for Renal cell carcinoma Hypernephroma
Type of reaction classification under which extravasion exists Organ-specific
Level of reaction for Laryngeal swelling Severe level reaction
Type of reaction classification under which Hot flashes exist Side effect reaction
Vein which is NOT normally selected for venipuncture during an IVU Axillary
Angle at which the needle is advanced into the vein during venipuncture 20°-45°
Time for which the venipuncture site should be cleaned with an alcohol wipe before needle insertion 30 seconds
Distance superior to the puncture site at which a tourniquet should be placed 3-4 inches
Projection(s) which best demonstrate the renal parenchyma and when they should be taken Nephrogram or nephrotomography, should be taken immediately after injection
Procedure which may require a Brodney clamp RUG on a male Pt
Specific body position which will place the Right kidney parallel to the IR 30° LPO
Gender for which the gonadal dose for an AP postvoid projection is higher Females
Structure which the retrograde ureterogram is primarily designed to demonstrate Ureters
Correction to be made during a retrograde cystogram which reveals the symphysis pubis superimposed over the floor of the bladder Angle the CR more caudally to project the symphysis pubis inferior to the bladder
Point at which a nephrogram should be taken before an IVU when ordered by the radiologist 30 seconds to 1 minute following the start of the bolus injection
Alternative to ureteric compression during an IVU (to achieve the same goal) for a Pt who had abdominal surgery the day before Place the Pt in a 15° Trendelenberg position during the first aspect of the projection
Suprarenal or adrenal glands
Positioning error shown by the Left kidney foreshortened and superimposed over the spine during an RPO IVU
Overrotation of the body
Peritoneal location of the ureters and kidneys
Retroperitoneal
Most common drugs often given to the patient as part of the premedication procedure
Combination of Benadryl and Prednisone
Structures which create a 20° angle between the upper pole and lower pole of the kidney
Psoas Major Muscles
Specific name for the mass of fat that surrounds the kidney
Perirenal fat or adipose capsule
Normal BUN range for any patient
8-25 mg/100mL
Bladder pathology which is three times more common in males than females
Bladder carcinoma
What the Pt must do before an IVU to prevent dilution of the contrast media in the bladder
Void
Condition which may produce hydronephrosis
Renal obstruction
Pathologic indication which is an example of a congenital anomaly of the urinary system
Ectopic Kidney
Condition in Pt for which Metformin is administered
Diabetes
Condition which would contraindicate the use of ureteric compression
Ureteric calculi
Typical time in the IVU sequence in which the oblique projections are taken
20 minutes following injection
Primary location of the loop of Henle and collecting tubules
Medulla of the kidney
