CH 14--Nervous System 5/Degenerative Disorders Flashcards
Cerebrocortical degenerations
Manifest with dementia as a common symptom
Includes:
- Alzheimer’s disease
- Pick’s disease
- Senile dementia
KNOW
Cerebrocortical degenerations
Dementia
A–symptom complex characterized by the following
chronological sequence of events:
1. Anxiety and depression WITH difficulty in ______ and
comprehension
2. Decreased recent memory and judgment
-Loss of ability to solve problems
-Disorientation
-Aphasia
-________ (loss of ability to carry out familiar purposeful
movement)
3. The patient is totally withdrawn, motionless and mute
memory
Apraxia
Cerebrocortical degenerations
8 Causes of Dementia:
- Alzheimer’s disease (50% of cases)
- Chronic alcoholism
- Pick’s disease
- Senile dementia
- Subdural hematomas
- Meningioma
- Chronic meningitis
- Hydrocephalus
KNOW THE 8
Cerebrocortical degenerations——8 Causes of Dementia:
- Alzheimer’s disease
Properties: - Progressive loss of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_in the entire cerebral cortex especially frontal lobes dementia Etiology: 1. Unknown 2. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ abnormality (21 chromosome) 3. Familial incidence (about 25%) 4. Deficiency of enzymes required for synthesis of acetyl choline
Manifestations:
- Age: over 50 years
- Loss of high ______ functions:
i. loss of ___________memory
ii. loss of ability to solve problems
iii. disorientation
iv. emotional lability - Progressive dementia, patient can not carry out daily activity
- Motionless & mute
- A terminal bronchopneumonia is the usual outcome
neurons
Genetic
cortical
recent
Cerebrocortical degenerations——8 Causes of Dementia:
- Pick’s disease
Properties:
- Age: pre-senile, age group from 40-65 years
- Cause: unknown
- Clinically: similar to _________ disease
- No neurofibrillary tangles, no senile plaques
- Affected neurons show round eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions (Pick bodies)
*****The marked atrophy of Pick’s disease, a senile
dementia, produces “_____–_____” thinning of the gyri in frontal lobes and temporal lobes.
Alzheimer’s
knife-like
Cerebrocortical degenerations——8 Causes of Dementia:
- Senile dementia OUT OF 8 PRESENTED!
Properties:
- Age: usually over 60 years
- Evidence of _________
- Neurofibrillary tangles & senile plaques are less abundant than Alzheimer’s disease
atherosclerosis
3 TYPES OF Basal Ganglia Degenerations
Degenerative diseases of the basal ganglia are characterized by: -Involuntary movements -Interference with voluntary movements -Disturbed muscle tone
Includes:
- Parkinson’s disease
- Huntington disease
- Wilson’s disease
KNOW THESE 3
3 TYPES OF Basal Ganglia Degenerations
- _____________disease (Paralysis Agitans)
Properties:
- Affects 5% of persons over 70 years of age
Etiology:
- unknown
- degeneration of pigmented neurons of brain stem
(substantia nigra) that normally project in basal
ganglia where they secrete dopamine
- failure of dopamine synthesis
dysfunction of extrapyramidal system
Manifestations: - mask-like face - SLOW difficult speech - SLOW difficult movements - increased muscle rigidity (lead pipe rigidity) - resting tremors - gait: walking stooped forward with short rapid shuffling steps - dementia (20%) Treatment: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Parkinson’s
**A spherical eosinophilic inclusion within the
cytoplasm of a pigmented dopaminergic neuron,
termed a “Lewy body.”
Levodopa
3 TYPES OF Basal Ganglia Degenerations
2.____________ Disease
Properties:
- Inherited, autosomal dominant
- Onset: 30-50 years
- Atrophy of caudate nucleus & putamen + may be some atrophy in cerebral cortex especially frontal lobes
- Loss of neurons AKA_______
Manifestations:
- Involuntary movements (chorea)
- Dementia, Depression
- Slow progressive course
- Death in 15-20 years (suicide & infections)
Huntington
gliosis
3 TYPES OF Basal Ganglia Degenerations
- ______disease
Properties:
- Hepatolenticular degeneration
- Inherited, autosomal recessive
- Disorder of copper metabolism (decreased biliary
excretion) deposited in many organs:
a. Liver: hepatitis, cirrhosis = FAILURE!
b. Eye:_________-_________rings, greenish-brown
deposits of copper at corneal angles
c. Basal Ganglia (especially putamen) atrophy,
brownish discoloration, cavitation
extrapyramidal dysfunction
Wilson’s
Kayser-Fleicher
Spinocerebellar Degenerations–Friedreich’s ataxia
Properties:
- Inherited _______ recessive
- Degeneration of:
a. Posterior columns»_space;»»»loss of sensation
b. Spinocerebral tracts»»> ataxia
c. Lateral corticospinal tracts»_space;»»>paralysis
d. Peripheral nerves
Manifestations:
- loss of coordination
- muscle weakness
autosomal
Motor Neuron Diseases X 4
A group of disorders characterized by degeneration of
the motor neurons anywhere in the CNS.
-Associated with a progressive ATROPHY and
DEGENERATION of the _________
Four clinical types:
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- Progressive muscular atrophy
- Progressive bulbar palsy
- Pseudobulbar palsy
Properties: - Degeneration of both UPPER & LOWER MOTOR neurons (purely motor) - Etiology: unknown - Age: Over \_\_\_\_\_ years
muscles
KNOW THE FOUR COMING UP
50
Motor Neuron Diseases—Four clinical types:
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis “Lou Gehrig’s disease”
Properties:
A— Degeneration of ___________ __________ UPPER motor neuron paralysis in extremities:
B–ALS is a type of motor neuron disease that causes nerve cells to gradually break down and die.
C—ALS often begins with muscle twitching and weakness in an arm or leg, or sometimes with slurring of speech. Eventually, ALS can affect your ability to control the muscles needed to move, speak, eat and breathe. ALS can’t be cured and eventually leads to death.
corticospinal tracts
Motor Neuron Diseases—Four clinical types:
- Progressive ______________ atrophy
Properties:
- Degeneration of ANTERIOR horn cells LOWER motor neuron paralysis in extremities
- Neuronal degeneration is associated with irregular discharge muscle fasciculation (small involuntary contractions) followed by atrophy
muscular
Motor Neuron Diseases—Four clinical types:
- Progressive __________ palsy
Properties:
- Degeneration of motor cranial nuclei = LOWER motor neuron paralysis of jaw, tongue and pharyngeal muscles
bulbar
