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unit 5 bio > ch 14 mendel and gene idea > Flashcards

ch 14 mendel and gene idea Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

george mendel

A

father of genetics
monk in czech republic

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2
Q

blending hypothesis

A

genetic material from the two parents blend together

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3
Q

particulate hypothesis

A

parents pass on discrete heritable units (genes)

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4
Q

what did mendel observe

A

a particulate mechanism through his experiments with garden peas
eight years
produced 20 volumes of data on 7 distinctive traits

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5
Q

what did mendel experiment q

A

plant breeding and used mathematics to form hypotheses
chose garden peas that are self fertilizing
garden peas have many varieties with distinct traits but he also used varitierts that were true breeding

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6
Q

true breeding

A

plants that produce offspring of the same variety when they self pollinate

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7
Q

mendel experimental approach

A

mating of plants can be controlled ( he removed sex organs so he could be in control)
each pea plant has sperm producing organs and egg producing organs
cross pollination can be achieved by dusting one plant with pollen from another

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8
Q

what did mendel cross ferilize

A

true breeding garden pea plants having contrasting traits
true breeding parents are the P generation
offspring are called F1 generation

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9
Q

hybridization

A

a process where two constrasting true-breeding varieties are mated

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10
Q

what is what mendel called a heritable factor

A

a gene

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11
Q

inheritance pattern in F2 offspring

A

3:1 inheritance pattern
made up of three concepts

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12
Q

what four concepts make up the 3:1 inheritance pattern in f2 offspring

A

1- alternative versions of genes, alleles, account for variations in inherited characters
2. for each character/ trait, an organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent
3. if the two alleles at a locus differ, then one (dominant) determines the organism’s appearance, and the other has no noticeable effect
4. now known as law of segregation; two alleles for a heritable character separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes (telophase/cytokinesis)

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13
Q

homozygous

A

an organism with two identical alleles for a character is said to be homozygous for the gene controlling that character

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14
Q

heterozygous

A

an organism that has two different alleles for a gene is said to be heterozygous for the gene controlling that character
not true-breeding

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15
Q

mono hybrid crosses

A

two parents that are with contrasting forms of a trait

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16
Q

phenotype vs genotype

A

phenotype: physical appearance
genotype: genetic makeup

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17
Q

how can we telll the genotype of an individual with the dominant phenotype

A

they must have one dominant allele, but the individual could be heterozygous or homozygous
carry out a test cross
breed the mystery individual with a homozygous recessive individual
if any offspring display the recessive phenotype, the mystery parent must be heterozygous
if PP then all offspring dominant
if Pp then half and half

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18
Q

law of independent assortment

A

crossing two, true-breeding parents differing in two characters produces dihybrids in F1 generation, heterozygous for both characters
each pair of alleles segregates indepdentely of other alleles during gamete formation

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19
Q

dihybrid cross

A

a cross between f1 dihybrids
can determine whether two characters are transmitted to offsprinf as a package or independently

20
Q

multiplication rule mono hybrid cross

A

probability that two or more independent events with occur together is the product of their individual probabilities

21
Q

rule of addition mono hybrid cross

A

when the same event can occur in more than one way we can add the results

22
Q

inheritance of characters by a single gene may deviate from mendelian patterns in what situatins

A
  • when alleles are not completely dominant or recessive
  • when a gene has more than two alleles
  • when a gene produces multiple phenotypes
23
Q

dominant vs recessive alleles

A

the alleles don’t interact
alleles are simply variations in a gene’s nucleotide sequence
dominant alleles aren’t necessarily more common

24
Q

complete dominance

A

occurs when phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are identical

25
Q

incomplete dominance

A

the phenotype of hybrids is somewhere between the ohenotypes of the two parental varieties
not blended bc in following generations you can see full trait

26
Q

codominance

A

two dominant alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways
both alleles expressed fully and equally

27
Q

multiple alleles

A

most genes exist in populations in more than two alleles forms
example: four phenotypes of ABO blood group are determined by three alleles for the enzyme ( Ia Ib and i)

28
Q

incompatibility of blood groups are due to

A

presence of antigens on the surface of red blood cells and antibodies floating in blood to detect foreign antigens

29
Q

antigens

A

glycoproteins on cells that the body uses to identify as self cells or non self cells

30
Q

antibodies

A

proteins in serum that will identify foreign bodies

31
Q

blood groups example of codominant and multiple alleles

A

A and B are codominant
O is recessive

32
Q

type AB and type O

A

ab can accept all blood types
type o can donate to any blood type because it has no antigens to cause a rejection reaction

33
Q

pleiotropy

A

single alleles can influence more than one phenotype
one can affect color and crossed eyes etc.

34
Q

epistasis

A

phenotypic expression of one gene affected by another
coat color depending on two genes
gene at one locus affects gene at another locus

35
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

quantitative characters are those that vary in the population along a continuum - range
wquantitaive variation usually indicates polygenic inheritance, (two or more genes acting on a single phenotype)
height weight skin color

36
Q

environmental impact on phenotype

A

phenotype of a character may depend on environment as well as genotype
norm of reaction is the phenotypic range of a genotype influenced by the environment

37
Q

multi factorial disorders

A

caused by phenotype affected by multiple factors like gene and environment
many diseases can occur

38
Q

why are humans not good subjects for genetic research

A

generation time is too long
parents produce relatively few offspring and breeding experiments are unacceptable

39
Q

pedigree analysis

A

a family tree that describes the interrelationships of parents and children across generations
inheritance patterns of particular traits can be traced

40
Q

pedigree components

A

female = circle
male = square
blacked out = affected by trait
triangle bridge - twins

41
Q

recessively inherited disorders

A

many genetic disorders are inherited in a recessive manner
recessively inherited disorder show up in individuals homozygous for the allele
carriers are heterozygous individuals who carry the recessive triat but phenotypically normal

42
Q

sickle cell

A

example of recessive disorder
caused by single substitution - wrong amino acid coded for in hemoglobin
heterozygous individuals can function and also have advantage of being immune to malaria

43
Q

dominantly inherited disordera

A

dominant alleles
form of dwarfism

44
Q

tips on genetic crosses of single traits

A

3:1 phenotypic ratio ; results of 2 heterozygous parents
1:1 ratio ; results from 1 homozygous and 1 heterozygous
100% dominance ; homozygous parents

45
Q

tips for genetic crosses - dihybrid

A

both parents heterozygous for both traits
9:3:3:1
9/16 dominant
3/16 one recessive one dominant
1/16 both recessive traits

unit 5 bio (3 decks)

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