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Clinical Psychology > Ch 14 Behavior Therapy > Flashcards

Ch 14 Behavior Therapy Flashcards

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1
Q

behavior therapy

A

an approach to psychotherapy emphasizing empiricism, observable and quantifiable problems and progress, and a lack of speculation about internal mental processes

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2
Q

Ivan Pavlov (late 1800s to early 1900s)

A

an important figure in history of behavior therapy; a researcher whose classical conditioning studies provided a foundation for many behavioral techniques

  • study: dog v bell and salvation
  • classical conditioning
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3
Q

John Watson

A

an important figure in the history of behavior therapy and early promoter of behaviorism in the United States

  • effort to bring classical conditioning to US
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4
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

a pioneer of behaviorism whose experimentation on the law of effect and operant conditioning formed the foundation for many forms of behavior therapy

  • law of effect / operant conditioning
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5
Q

Edward Lee Thorndike

A

a pioneer in the study of intelligence who promoted the idea that each person possess separate, independent intelligence; also, a leading researcher in the area of operant conditioning and the law of effect

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6
Q

law of effect

A
  • Thorndike’s research with cats
  • law stated that all organisms pay attention to the consequences (or effects) of their actions
  • pleasurable consequences result in reoccurring actions
  • unpleasant/negative consequences result in actions to be less likely to occur
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7
Q

Goal of behavior therapy

A
  • primary goal is observable behavior change
  • emphasis on empiricism
  • defining problems behaviorally
  • measuring change observably
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8
Q

emphasis on empiricism

A
  • study of human behavior should be scientific
  • clinical methods should be scientifically evaluated via testable hypotheses and empirical data based on observable variables

e.g. baseline measures of problem behavior at treatment outset; subsequent measures after some therapy

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9
Q

testable hypothesis

A

in behavior therapy, an essential feature of theories underlying problem behaviors whereby theories can be empirically supported, refuted, modified, and retested

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10
Q

empirical data

A

an essential feature of behavior therapy that can take the form of frequencies of problem behavior at various points in therapy

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11
Q

defining problems behaviorally

A
  • client behaviors are not symptoms of some underlying problem
  • those behaviors are the problems
  • behavior definitions make it easy to identify target behaviors and measure changes in therapy
  • clients’ own definitions can be very hard to assess or measure
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12
Q

measuring change observably

A
  • use unambiguous definitions of change

- introspection is not an acceptable way to measure progress - not directly observable

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13
Q

observable changes

A

an essential feature of behavior therapy; therapeutic changes that are directly observable rather than inferred

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14
Q

introspection

A

the process of looking inside the mind for evidence of mental processes or therapeutic change, rejected by behaviorists for its lack of objectivity

  • not an ideal way for measuring change observably
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15
Q

Goal of behavior therapy

A
  • primary goal is observable behavior change
  • emphasis on empiricism
  • defining problems behaviorally
  • measuring change observably
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16
Q

classical conditioning

A
  • conditioning in which an unconditioned stimulus that produces an unconditioned response is paired with a conditioned stimulus such that the conditioned stimulus elicits a similar response (labeled as the conditioned response)
  • passive type of learning

generalization - in classical conditioning, a process by which the conditioned response is evoked by stimuli that are similar to, but not an exact match for, the conditioned stimulus

discrimination - in classical conditioning, a process by which the conditioned response is not evoked by stimuli that are similar to, but not an exact match for, the conditioned stimulus

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17
Q

testable hypothesis

A

in behavior therapy, an essential feature of theories underlying problem behaviors whereby theories can be empirically supported, refuted, modified, and retested

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18
Q

empirical data

A

an essential feature of behavior therapy that can take the form of frequencies of problem behavior at various points in therapy

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19
Q

defining problems behaviorally

A
  • client behaviors are not symptoms of some underlying problem
  • those behaviors are the problems
  • behavior definitions make it easy to identify target behaviors and measure changes in therapy
  • clients’ own definitions can be very hard to assess or measure
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20
Q

measuring change observably

A
  • use unambiguous definitions of change

- introspection is not an acceptable way to measure progress - not directly observable

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21
Q

observable changes

A

an essential feature of behavior therapy; therapeutic changes that are directly observable rather than inferred

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22
Q

exposure therapy based on classical conditioning

A
  • a form of behavioral therapy based on classical conditioning in which clients gradually face a feared object or situation
  • “facing your fear”
  • often used to treat anxiety disorders, phobias
  • client is repeatedly “exposed” to the feared object and the expected aversive outcome does not take place -> client no longer experiences the fear response
  • exposure is typically gradual (“graded” exposure), following an anxiety hierarchy
  • exposure can be imaginal or in vivo (real)
  • exposure and response prevention for OCD
  • prolonged exposure therapy for PTSD
  • exposure therapy for specific phobia
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23
Q

two types of conditioning

A
  • classical conditioning

- operant conditioning

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24
Q

classical conditioning

A
  • conditioning in which an unconditioned stimulus that produces an unconditioned response is paired with a conditioned stimulus such that the conditioned stimulus elicits a similar response (labeled as the conditioned response)
  • passive type of learning
25
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

the stimulus that elicits the unconditioned response before any conditioning has taken place

Before conditioning: Food

26
Q

unconditioned response

A

the response elicited by the unconditioned stimulus before any conditioning has taken place

Before conditioning: Salvation to food

27
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

the stimulus paired with the unconditioned stimulus that ultimately elicits the conditioned response

After conditioning: Sound of bell

28
Q

exposure and response prevention

A

a particular form of exposure therapy - and an example of an evidence-based practice - that has received substantial empirical support for the treatment of OCD

29
Q

systematic desensitization

A

a form of behavior therapy based on classical conditioning involving re-pairing (or counterconditioning) the feared object with a new response, such as relaxation, that is incompatible with anxiety

  • often used for phobias and anxiety disorders
  • similar to exposure including relaxation training
  • bc relaxation is incompatible with anxiety
  • counterconditioning occurs when relaxation response replaces anxiety response
30
Q

exposure therapy based on classical conditioning

A
  • a form of behavioral therapy based on classical conditioning in which clients gradually face a feared object or situation
  • “facing your fear”
  • often used to treat anxiety disorders, phobias
  • client is repeatedly “exposed” to the feared object and the expected aversive outcome does not take place -> client no longer experiences the fear response
  • exposure is typically gradual (“graded” exposure), following an anxiety hierarchy
  • exposure can be imaginal or in vivo (real)
  • exposure and response prevention for OCD
  • prolonged exposure therapy for PTSD
  • exposure therapy for specific phobia
31
Q

imaginal exposure

A

in exposure therapy, exposure to anxiety-provoking objects via imagination, in contrast to in vivo exposure

32
Q

in vivo exposure

A

in exposure therapy, exposure to anxiety-provoking objects in real life, in contrast to imaginal exposure

33
Q

graded exposure

A

in exposure therapy, a gradual approach to exposing clients to feared objects or situations

34
Q

anxiety hierchary

A

in exposure therapy, a rank-ordered list of anxiety-provoking stimuli to which the client will be gradually exposed

35
Q

techniques based on operant conditioning

A
  • contingency management / reinforcement & punishment & extinction
  • extinction
  • token economies
  • shaping
  • behavioral activation
  • observational learning (modeling)
36
Q

contingency management

A

a form of behavior therapy based on operant conditioning in which the consequences following selected behaviors are changed to produce more desirable behavior

  • powerful way to change behavior
37
Q

counter-conditioning

A

re-pairing a conditioned stimulus with a response that is incompatible with the previously conditioned response; an essential component of systematic desensitization

38
Q

relaxation training

A

the first step of systematic desensitization in which the behavior therapist teaches the client progressive relaxation techniques that induce a relaxation response incompatible with anxiety

39
Q

assertiveness training

A

a form of behavioral therapy based on classical conditioning in which clients improve on timid, apprehensive, or ineffectual social behaviors

  • uses both exposure therapy and elements of systematic desensitization
  • exposure therapy: facing interpersonal fears
  • syst. desensit.: counterconditioning - replacing relaxation with assertiveness
  • begins with direct instructions from the behavior therapists with which the client is taught specifically what to say and do in a particular situation
40
Q

operant conditioning

A

conditioning in which the organism “operates” on the environment, notices the consequences of the behavior, and incorporates those consequences into decisions regarding future behavior

41
Q

contingencies

A

the “if…, then…” statements connecting actions to outcomes that organisms learn through operant conditioning

42
Q

techniques based on operant conditioning

A
  • contingency management / reinforcement & punishment
  • extinction
  • token economies
  • shaping
  • behavioral activation
  • observational learning (modeling)
43
Q

aversion therapy

A

a form of contingency management therapy that emphasizes the use of punishment as a consequence for an unwanted behavior

44
Q

extinction

A

the removal of an expected reinforcement that results in a decrease in the frequency of a behavior

  • effective way to decrease unwanted behaviors
  • initially can cause extinction burst but ultimately if reinforcement is still withheld, decrease will occur
45
Q

extinction burst

A

in behavior therapy, the initial increase in intensity of the unwanted behavior immediately after the expected reinforcement is removed

46
Q

token economy

A

a form of behavior therapy based on operant conditioning in which clients earn tokens, exchangeable for reinforcements, for performing predetermined target behavior

  • most feasible in sites where behavior is continuously monitored
47
Q

shaping

A

in behavior therapy, reinforcement successive approximations of the target behavior

  • reward each “baby steps” toward the desired behavior
  • best for changing behaviors that are complex, challenging, or novel for client
48
Q

behavioral activation

A

a form of behavior therapy for depression, the goal of which is to increase the frequency of behaviors that are positively reinforcing to the client

  • behavioral activation –> activate behavior –> encourage of certain behavior/actions –> target depressive clients to do things that were once enjoyable.
  • based on the idea that depressed people lack positive reinforcement
  • goal: increase frequency of positively reinforcing behaviors
  • structured daily routine incl rewarding behavior
49
Q

observational learning

A

in behavior therapy, conditioning that takes place when the individual observes contingencies applied to others rather than the self; also known as modeling and social learning

50
Q

Albert Bandura

A

a leading researcher in the area of observational learning, modeling, and social learning

51
Q

two observational learning strategies

A
  • imitation

- vicarious learning

52
Q

imitation

A

client simply mimics the modeled behavior

53
Q

vicarious learning

A

client observes not only the modeled behavior but also the model receiving the consequences for that modeled behavior

54
Q

behavioral consultation

A

an indirect alternative to behavior therapy whereby the therapist serves as a consultant to an individual such as a parent, teacher, or supervisor who ultimately implements the behavioral interventions with the client in the natural setting
- indirect way for therapist to modify a client’s behavior

  • 3 parties involved: the client, the consultee, and the consultant (therapist)
  • consultee spends significant time in natural setting with client
55
Q

5 stages of behavioral consultation

A
  • initiation of the consulting relationship
  • problem identification
  • problem analysis
  • plan implementation
  • plan evaluation
56
Q

parent training

A

parents seek help with problematic behaviors of their children

57
Q

teacher training

A

teachers seek help with problematic behaviors of their students

58
Q

how well does behavior therapy work?

A
  • behavioral therapists have a significant amount of empirical support, especially in comparison to most other forms of therapy
  • esp for anxiety disorders, PTSD, depression, and children’s behavior disorders
  • may also be most empirically testable forms of therapy

Clinical Psychology (3 decks)

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