Ch 14 Flashcards
Infections are caused by a variety of ___
Microorganisms
Microorganisms that cause infection in humans are referred to as ____
Pathogens
Many microorganisms protect us from harmful pathogens as well as helping us break down and digest food. These microorganisms are referee to as _____ ____
Normal flora
_____ microorganisms are classified as bacteria, viruses, Protozoa, fungi or helminths
Pathogenic
____ is one celled microorganisms found virtually everywhere, including human bodies
Bacteria
Rickettsia are often spread through bites of insects, such as ticks, and mites are called ____
Vectors
Tiny parasites that live within the cells of the host and reproduce there are ____
Viruses
An example of ____ is yeast and mold
Fungi
An example of _____ is worms
Helminths
In order for infection to spread from one person to another, a chain of events must occur called _____ ___ ____
Chain of infection
_____ _____ infection is an infection that is acquired while the patient is being cared for in any healthcare setting.
Health care-associated infection
_____ infections are caused by one pathogen only
Primary
_____ infections are caused by a second different pathogen
Secondary
If an infection spreads from the lungs to another organ it is called ______ infection, spreading through the blood stream
Systemic infection
When microorganisms are present and multiplying in the blood, it is referred to as ____
Septicemia
______ precautions are a group of safety measures performed to prevent the transmission of pathogens found in the blood and body fluid
Standard precautions
______-______ precautions as used to prevent the spread of the known infection to the patients or healthcare staff.. used when a patient has a communicable illness
Transmission based illness
______ _____ refers to the practices performed to prevent the spread of infection
Medical asepsis
______ is a cleaning agent that will remove most pathogens
Disinfectant
Discuss proper hand washing techniques
- When using alcohol based gel correctly, apply product to palm of one hand and rub your hands together covering all surfaces until hands are dry
- alcohol based hand held should be used before and after care of each patient; gloves should be changed before and after each patient
- if hands are visibly Soiled then wash with soap and water
- Hand hygiene does not eliminate need for gloves and still need hand hygiene after gloves
Healthcare personnel should avoid wearing artificial nails and keep natural nails 1/4 inch long if they are caring for patients at high risk for infections
Standard precautions
- Hand hygiene-wash hands for 20 seconds
- Gloves-wear when touching any body fluid or non intact skin
- Gown- wear when performing procedures
- Mask- wear during procedures that could cause splash of fluids or blood
- Needles and other sharps-in puncture resistant container
- Respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette, cough into tissue or cough into upper sleeve and use hand hygiene after
Know
Types of pathogens
- Bacteria
- viruses
- Protozoa
- Fungi
- Helminths
Know
____ means without infections
Asepsis
What means infections
Sepsis
___ needs oxygen to survive (easier to kill)
Aerobic
____ can live without oxygen (harder to kill)
Anaerobic
____ are the smallest of organisms
Viruses
____ is single celled animals that live in water. Ingested by humans through water or food
Protozoa
___ is pneumonia’s
Mycoplasma
_____ May be the reason for neurological disorders
Prions
Chain of infection occurs in this order 1. Infectious agents 2. Reservoir 3. Portal of exit 4. Mode of transmission 5. Portal of entry 5 susceptible host
I.really.play.more.play.station. (Menomic to remember)
___ is an object transferred
Fomite
____ infection is an infection in one area of the body
Localized infection
Hand soap antisepsis with alcohol is most effective
Know
When you use friction during hand washing you get rid of _____ microorganisms & resident microorganisms
Transient microorganisms
_____ asepsis refers to practices performed to prevent spread of infection
Medical asepsis
____ asepsis is cleaning technique
Medical asepsis
____ asepsis is sterile technique
Surgical technique
_____ decreases number of microorganisms
Bacteriostatic
________ kills microorganisms
Bactericidal
People who have a decreased immune system would be placed in a ____ protective room where patient is being protected from everyone else
Neutropenic
______ is spreaded by close contact and can be transferred to healthy people
MRSA
You can treat MRSA with _____,______, or _____ and can be DX by a culture
Vancomycin, Bactrim, and Clindamyxcin
____ is the most common cause of health care infections
People whom are at risk are people with cancer, GI issues
Patient is to be placed in a private room with precautions
NO ANTIDIARRHEAS
C diff
Hep ____ is spread by a food or water source
Hep A
Is there a vaccine for hep a?
Yes
Hep __ is transmission of blood, saliva and semen
Hep B
Is there a vaccine for hep B
Yes
Hep __ is transmission of blood and semen
Hep c
Is there a vaccine for hep C
No
Hep _____ transmission is blood only
D
Is there a vaccine for hep D
No
Symptoms of hepatitis is 1.RUQ discomfort 2.anorexia 3. Weight loss 4. Fever 5 chills 6 jaundice 7 dark urine
Treatment is 1 rest 2 activity as tolerated 3 nutrition 4 hydration
Know
____ are resistant strains of enterococcus and may be resistant to current available antibiotics.
Prevent us hand washing with antiseptic soap containing chlorehexidine
Patient should be in a private room or in contact isolation precautions
VRE
HIV is transmission from sexual intercourse, blood or blood products, and perinatal transmission.
Not from tears, kissing or hugging.
Rare to get it from a bite. Must be human to human
sxs
Fever
Weight loss, diarrhea, night sweats, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, skin rashes and neuro disorders
Initial screening is ELISHA followed with a western blot
Also a CD4 cell count or percentage, viral load
Treat with antiviral therapy
The most common park of microorganism transmission is by ____ contact
Direct
____ precautions is used on all patients
Standard
You will use ____ ____ precautions when someone has a known communicable illness that can be spread through contact; through respiratory, droplets, or through the air
Transmission based
Contact transmission based precautions
- Put on gloves and gown when entering the room
•to prevent the transmission of pathogens spread by direct or indirect contact when patient is infected with MRSA, VRE, and c diff
Know this
Droplet transmission based precaution
1. Put on a mask when entering the room
If patient has HINI flu N95 respirator is needed
- to prevent transmission of pathogens spread through close contact with respiratory secretions or mucous membranes
- flu, group a Strep, bacterial meningitis, rubella
Know
Airborne transmission based precautions
- Put on fit tests N95 or higher respiration when entering the room
Patient must be placed in an airborne infection isolation room with negative pressure
• to prevent transmission of pathogens small enough to suspend in the air and spread through air currents
Examples TB, measles, chickenpox, severe acute respiratory syndrome
Know
Donning personal protective equipments
1. Perform hand hygiene
2. Hold gown by shoulders and allow it to unfold to prevent containing outside of gown
3 slip your arms through gown sleeves
4 pull down up onto your shoulders by grasping inside of the gown at the shoulders to prevent outside of gown touching ungloved hands
5fasten gown in back at the neck and waist
6 place on mask
Bend flexible band across the bridge of nose
Pull cotton she of mask down
7 Put on goggles 8 put in hair cover 9 put shoe cover over each show 10 donning gloves 11 pull cuff edges of gloves over the wrist of isolation gown
Physiologic defenses against infections and factors which may decrease defenses are what? There are 8
- Age
- Chemical exposure
- Chronic illness
- Lack of exercise
5 lack of rest
6 increased stress
7 nonintact skin
8 poor nutrition
