Ch. 14 Flashcards
1
Q
The occipital bone contains which 3 important passageways
A
- The foramen magnum
- Hypoglossal canals
- Jugular foramen
2
Q
Where are the hypoglossal canals located? What passes through them?
A
On the right and left lateral walls of the foramen magnum; the hypoglossal nn (CN XII)
3
Q
Where are the jugular foramen? What passes through them
A
Lateral to foramen magnum between occipital and temporal bones; blood draining from the brain to the jugular foramen and the glossopharyngeal n (CN IX)
4
Q
What is the hole-filled structure of the ethmoid bone? What passes through these holes?
A
Cribiform plate; the fibers of CN I (olfactory nerve) into the nasal cavity for smell
5
Q
Inferior to the cribiform plate, the hollow ethmoid bone balloons out to form what?
A
the medial aspect of each eye orbit (orbital lamina of the ethmoid bone)
6
Q
What is the depression on the superior surface of the sphenoid that cradles the pituitary gland
A
hypophyseal fossa/sella turcica
7
Q
Which bones make up the temporal fossa?
A
Sphenoid (greater wing), frontal, parietal, and temporal bones
8
Q
Which fissure is located between the greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid?
A
Superior orbital fissure
9
Q
Which nerve runs through the superior orbital fissure? Branch off of what cranial nerve?
A
Ophthalmic n; trigeminal nerve
10
Q
What is the extension of the medial pterygoid plate known as?
A
pterygoid hamulus
11
Q
Which muscle attaches in the pterygoid fossa
A
medial pterygoid muscle (muscle of mastication)
12
Q
What muscle attaches at the lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate?
A
lateral pterygoid muscle (muscle of mastication)
13
Q
Which feature projects just medial and posterior to the third molars
A
pterygoid hamulus
14
Q
Describe the location of the infratemporal space
A
Just lateral and posterior to the lateral pterygoid plate and just inferior to the temporal bone
15
Q
which two pairs of foramina in the sphenoid are important to dental professionals
A
Foramen ovale and foramen rotundum
16
Q
Which nn. passes through the foramen ovale? Branch of?
A
mandibular nn; branch of trigeminal
17
Q
Where is the sphenoidal spine located?
A
Just posterior to the foramen spinosum
18
Q
The foramen ovale is just anterior to what small foramen?
A
Foramen spinosum
19
Q
Describe the position of the foramen rotundum
A
Anterior and slightly medial to the foramen ovale
20
Q
Which nn pass through the foramen rotundum?
A
Maxillary nn; branch of trigeminal
21
Q
The maxillary n exits the skull through the foramen rotundum and travels through which space as it gives off branches
A
Pterygopalatine space
22
Q
What are the 3 branches of the trigeminal n and through what openings do they travel?
A
- Opthalmic; superior orbital fissure)
- Maxillary; through the foramen rotundum to the pterygopalatine space
- Mandibular; foramen ovale
23
Q
The superior portion of the maxilla forms the floor of what fissure?
A
Infraorbital fissure
24
Q
Which vessels travel from the brain to the infraorbital fissure, anteriorly through the infraorbital canal, and out the infraorbital foramen
A
infraorbital nn and vessels
25
What are the functions of the maxillary sinus (4)?
1. lighten the skull
2. Give resonance to the voice
3. Warm the air we breathe
4. moisten the nasal cavity
26
Where do posterior superior alveolar nn enter the maxilla and sinus lining? Where are these located?
Alveolar canals; posterior and superior to the third molars
27
What are the 4 processes of the maxilla
Frontal, zygomatic, alveolar, and palatine
28
The shallow fossa medial to the canine eminence over the root of the maxillary lateral incisor is called what?
Incicive fossa
29
The fossa lateral and superior to the canine eminence is?
Canine fossa
30
The dense inner and outer portion of the alveolar processes are called?
Cortical plate
31
The less dense bone sandwhiched between the inner and outer cortical plate of the alveolare processes is what?
trabecular bone
32
small n. branches and vessels pass through what type of bone in the alveolar processes to enter all teeth through their apical foramen?
tabecular/spongy bone
33
What is the thin, compact bony layer that lines the wall of each tooth socket?
lamina dura
34
What is the line of fusion between right and left palatine processes?
Intermaxillary suture
35
What is a centrally located opening at the anterior part of the intermaxillary suture? What does this opening transmit?
Incisive foramen; branches of the nasopalatine n and artery
36
Just posterior to the maxillary alveolar
process of the most posterior maxillary molar is a bulge
of bone called?
Maxillary tuberosity
37
A notch that separates the maxillary tuberosity of each maxilla from the adjacent pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone is called?
Hamular notch
38
What is the junction between the palatine processes of the maxillae and the horizontal processes of the palatine bones
Palatomaxillary suture/Transverse palatine suture
39
What do the greater palatine foramina transmit?
The greater anterior palatal nerves and the descending palatine vessels
40
What do the lesser palatine foramina transmit?
The middle and posterior palatine nn
41
The vertical processes of the palatine bones are separated from the pterygoid processes by what space?
The pterygopalatine space
42
Which muscle of mastication attaches to the zygomatic arch?
masseter
43
Where does the inferior border of the body of the mandible join the posterior border of the ramus?
The angle of the mandible
44
What makes up the human chin?
Two mental tubercles and a mental protuberance
45
The nearly horizontal ledge of bone in the molar region between the external oblique ridge and alveolar process is
Buccal shelf
46
Which n. is located in the cheek just superior to the buccal shelf?
Buccal n
47
The mental foramen is usually near the root apex of which tooth? If not, it is usually between which teeth
Mandibular 2nd premolar; between apices of 1st and 2nd premolar
48
Which n. exits the mental foramen? What is its role?
Mental branch of the inferior alveolar n.; supply the skin on that side of the chin
49
On X-rays, the mental foramen must be distinguished from what, which is an infection destroying bone near the root apex?
Periapical abscess
50
Which mandibular process is anterior and more pointed than the other?
Coronoid process
51
Which mandibular process is bulkier and posterior to the other
Condyloid process
52
What is located between the coronoid and condyloid?
Sigmoid notch
53
Where does the lateral pterygoid m attach on the mandible?
pterygoid fovea; the depression in the front portion of the neck of the condyloid process
54
Where does the head of the mandibular condyle fit?
The articular (glenoid) fossa of the temporal bone
55
What is the opening on the internal/medial surface of the mandibular ramus that enters into the mandibular canal? Which vessels travel through here?
mandibular foramen; inferior alveolar vessels and nn.
56
What is a small groove that runs inferior and anterior to the mandibular foramen?
Mylohyoid groove; mylohyoid n rests here
57
The ___ is a ridge of bone extending from the coronoid process onto the medial surface of the ramus terminating at the ___. The tendon from what muscle attaches here?
temporal crest; 3rd molar; temporalis muscle
58
The inferior 1/4 of the temporal crest is called what? What is its significance?
Internal oblique line; radiographic landmark importance appearing just below the external oblique line
59
The ___ is a roughened shallow fossa
distal to the last ___ and bounded medially by the
lowest portion of the ____ and laterally by the
_____.
retromolar fossa; molar; temporal crest; external oblique ridge
60
The most posterior fibers of ____ attach in the retromolar triangle on a slight ridge of bone called ____
buccinator m; buccinator crest
61
The ____ extends downward and forward
| from the molar region to the genial tubercles; which muscle attaches here?
mylohyoid ridge; mylohyoid m.
62
The mylohyoid ridge separates which two fossae? ____ is superior, ____ is inferior to the mylohyoid ridge.
Sublingual fossa and submandibular fossa; sublingual; submandibular
63
Which gland rests in the submandibular fossa?
Submandibular salivary gland
64
What is the shallow notch anterior to the angle of the mandible? What is significant about this notch?
Antegonial notch; this is where the facial arteries and veins pass from the neck to the face
65
Where does the superior end of the temporalis muscle attach?
The temporal fossa
66
Which sutures join the temporal bones with the parietal bones?
Squamous sutures
67
The mandibular fossa is divided into an anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 portion by what?
petrotympanic fissure
68
The anterior 2/3 of the mandibular fossa is called what? What happens here?
Articular/glenoid fossa; where the head of the condyloid process articulates with the temporal bone forming the TMJ
69
What is the ridge of bone forming the anterior border of the articular fossa?
Articular eminence
70
Which major, bulky process is found inferiorly and posteriorly to the mandibular fossa?
Mastoid process
71
Which major neck muscle attaches to the mastoid process?
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
72
Which ligament attaches to the styloid process?
stylomandibular ligament
73
Which n exits the temporal bone into the infratemporal space through the stylomastoid foramen?
CN XII (Facial)
74
Describe the travel of the facial nerve (CN XII)
exits the braincase into the petrous portion of temporal bone through the internal acoustic meatus, exits temporal bone into infratemporal space through the stylomastoid foramen
75
What is the passageway just anterior/medial to the styloid process? What goes through here?
Carotid canal; internal carotid artery into the brain case
76
Where is the jugular foramen in relation to the carotid canal?
Just posterior
77
What travels through the jugular foramen?
CN IX(glossopharyngeal) and blood draining from the brain to the jugular vein
78
Which bones form the nasal septum?
The vomer and vertical projection of the ethmoid
79
What are small rectangular bones at the medial corner
| of each orbit that contain a depression for tear glands
lacrimal bones
80
Which bones in the nasal cavity help form part of the maxillary sinus?
the inferior nasal conchae
81
A group of muscles that extend from the hyoid bone superiorly to attach to the mandible are called?
suprahyoid muscles
82
Is the mandibular condyle bigger mediolaterally or anterioposteriorly?
mediolaterally
83
What type of connective tissue covers the condyle? What is its adaptation?
Fibrous, avascular CT; pressure resistance
84
what is the nonfunctioning portion of the TMJ?
the articular fossa
85
What is the functioning portion of the TMJ?
Articular eminence, particularly the posterior inferior surface
86
What is a tough oval pad of dense fibrous connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between the condyle and articular fossa and eminence?
Articular disc
87
The anterior and posterior portions of the disc contain what kind of specialized nerve fibers?
Proprioceptive fibers; help to unconsciously determine the position of the mandible, helping regulate movements of the mandible
88
What is the term for when the thick portions (ant/post) of the articular disc become flat or the center becomes thick, resulting in a popping or grating noise?
crepitus
89
The ___ both lubricates and nourishes the fibrous covering of the articulating surfaces and center of the disc that lack a blood supply
synovial fluid
90
What is a thick pad of loose elastic vascular connective tissue that connects the disc and capsule posteriorly?
Bilaminar zone
91
The articular disc is attached to what medially and laterally? Is it attached to the capsule in these directions?
the lateral and medial sides of the condyle; no
92
Which ligament keeps the condyle close to the fossa and helps prevent the lateral and posterior displacement of the mandible?
Lateral ligament
93
What are the 4 muscles of mastication
masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid and lateral pterygoid
94
What is the origin, insertion, and action of the masseter muscle
inferior medial surface of the zygomatic arch; inferior lateral surface of the ramus and the angle of the mandible; elevates the mandible
95
Origin, insertion(s), and action(s) of the temporalis m.
The entire temporal fossa; coronoid process, medial surface of the anterior border of the ramus, and temporal crest of the mandible; the anterior and middle vertical fibers elevate the mandible and the posterior horizontal fibers retrude the mandible
96
Which two muscles of mastication form a sling that protects the mandible and perform similar functions
Medial pterygoid and masseter
97
Origin(s), insertion(s) and action(s) of the medial pterygoid muscle
medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate and the pterygoid fossa between the two plates; medial surface of the mandible at the angle; elevation of mandible
98
Which is the only muscle of mastication with all of its fibers oriented horizontally?
Lateral pterygoid muscle
99
Origin(s), insertion(s) and action(s) of the lateral pterygoid muscle
smaller superior head attaches to the infratemporal surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid, larger inferior head attaches to the lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid; pterygoid fovea (of the neck of condyle) and anterior portion of the articular disc/capsule; protrude and depress mandible
100
Contraction of the right lateral pterygoid muscle causes ____ and contraction of the left lateral pterygoid muscle causes ____
left lateral excursion; right lateral excursion
101
What nerve innervates the muscles of mastication
mandibular (3rd) branch of the trigeminal n (CN V)
102
What n innervates the muscles of facial expression
Facial n (CN VII)
103
Which muscles contribute to mandible elevation?
Masseter, anterior and middle vertical fibers of the temporalis, and medial pterygoids
104
Which muscles depress the mandible?
Supra- and infrahyoids together and lateral pterygoids
105
Which muscles retrude the mandible?
Posterior horizontal fibers of temporalis and the suprahyoids
106
Which muscles protrude the mandible?
both lateral pterygoids simulatneously
107
Which muscles contribute to lateral excursion of the mandible?
left or right lateral pterygoids separately
108
What are the 4 nerves of the oral cavity?
CNV (Trigeminal), CN VII (Facial), CN IX (glossopharyngeal) and CN XII (hypoglossal)
109
Which teeth have perio ligaments with the most proprioceptors?
Canines
110
Which of the divisions of CNV are only afferent fibers? Which one has both afferent and efferent?
Opthalmic and maxillary; mandibular
111
What are the 4 branches of the maxillary n?
Pterygopalatine, posterior superior alveolar, infraorbital, and zygomatic nn
112
Which nerve passes through the greater palatine foramen?
The descending palatine n, which becomes the greater palatine n after passing through the foramen
113
Which nn enter the lesser palatine foramen?
The middle and posterior (lesser) palatine nn.
114
Which nn are responsible for the innervation of the soft palate?
Middle and posterior palatine nn
115
Which n travels through the incisive foramen?
The nasopalatine n
116
Which nn innervate the soft tissue of the entire hard palate?
The greater palatine nn and the nasopalatine nn
117
Where is the PSA n given off?
Just before the maxillary n enters the infraorbital fissure and canal
118
Where does the PSA enter the maxilla?
Through the alveolar canals on the infratemporal portion of the maxilla
119
The PSA innervates all of the roots of the maxillary molars except which root?
The mesiobuccal root of the 1st molars
120
Which n innervates the facial gingiva of maxillary molars?
The PSA
121
Which n innervates the lingual gingiva of maxillary posterior teeth?
Greater palatine n
122
Which n supplies the mesiobuccal root of maxillary 1st molars?
The MSA
123
Which n supplies the roots of maxillary premolars and the facial gingiva of these teeth?
MSA
124
Which n supplies the primary molars?
MSA
125
Which n supplies the maxillary anterior teeth and the facial gingiva of these teeth?
ASA
126
Which nn supply the lingual gingiva of all maxillary posterior teeth?
Greater palatine nn
127
Which nn gives off the MSA and ASA?
Infraorbital n
128
which 3 nn innervate the maxillary sinus?
opthalmic, ASA, and MSA
129
What are the 3 terminal branches of the infraorbital n?
nasal, palpebral (eyelids), and labial
130
Which portion of the tongue does the mandibular n provide sensory fibers to? Do they innervate for taste in this portion?
Anterior 2/3; no
131
The mandibular n passes through which space?
The infratemporal space
132
What are the four sensory branches of the mandibular n?
Auriculotemporal, buccal, lingual, and inferior alveolar nn
133
Which is the first branch of the mandibular n? What does it supply?
Auriculotemporal n; TMJ and skin of outer ear
134
which n passes between the two heads of the lateral pterygoid muscle?
Buccal/buccinator n
135
Which n innervates the cheek to the corner of the mouth, as well as the buccal gingiva of the mandibular molars and sometimes 2nd premolar?
Buccal/buccinator n
136
Which n provides general sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
Lingual n
137
which n provides sensation for lingual gingiva of the entire mandible?
Lingual n
138
Which n branches off the inferior alveolar n just before it reaches the mandibular foramen? Is this n afferent or efferent?
Mylohyoid n; efferent
139
Which n supplies all mandibular molars and premolars?
Inferior alveolar n
140
The inferior alveolar n splits near the roots of the ____ to become ____ and ____
premolars; mental n; incisive n
141
Which n supplies the mandibular anterior teeth?
Incisive n
142
What does the mental n innervate?
The facial gingiva of mandibular incisors, canines, and premolars; and skin of lower lip and chin up to the midline
143
The facial penetrates the petrous portion of the temporal bone through the ____ and exits from the skull between the styloid and mastoid processes through the ____
internal acoustic meatus; stylomastoid foramen
144
Which n has efferent secretory fibers that supply the sublingual and submandibular glands?
CN VII (Facial)
145
Which two landmarks are used when anesthetizing the inferior alveolar n?
pterygomandibular fold and retromolar pad
146
Which facial nn join with the lingual n and supply taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
Chorda tympani of the facial n
147
Where does the glossopharyngeal n exit the skull?
Jugular foramen
148
Which n supplies taste sensation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
Glossopharyngeal n (CNIX)
149
Which nerve's secretory fibers innervate the parotid gland?
Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
150
Which n is responsible for muscles that move the tongue?
Hypoglossal n (CN XII)
151
Which 3 nerves supply afferent and/or efferent fibers to the tongue?
CNV, CNVII, CNIX
152
Which a. supplies blood to all teeth
Maxillary artery
153
Which nodes drain into the submandibular nodes?
Submental
154
Which lymph nodes drain the cheek, ear, and eyelids
Parotid
155
Which nodes drain the tip of the tongue, anterior part of lower lip, and anterior floor of mouth?
Submental
156
All lymph drains to where?
Cervical nodes
