ch 14

Question 1

phylogeny

Answer 1

evolutionary history of particular group of organisms or their genes

Question 2

phylogenetic tree

Answer 2

diagrammatic reconstruction of evolutionary history of a group of organisms or their genes

Question 3

lineage

Answer 3

series of ancestor and descendant populations, species or genes descended from a single ancestor over evolutionary time

Question 4

node in tree

Answer 4

split when one lineage diverges into two, representing a geographic barrier that divides an ancestral population into two descendant populations that no longer interbreed with each other

Question 5

taxon

Answer 5

biological group (species or clade) that is given a name, ex humans, primates, mammals or vertebrates

Question 6

clade

Answer 6

monophyletic group made up of an ancestor and all of its descendants

Question 7

sister species

Answer 7

2 species that are each other’s closest relatives

Question 8

explain concept of homologous structures

Answer 8

features shared by 2 or more species that have been inherited from a common ancestor, such as DNA sequences, protein structures, or anatomical structures

Question 9

ancestral vs derived traits

Answer 9

original trait and trait that differs from ancestral trait

Question 10

principle of parsimony in phylogenetics

Answer 10

preferred explanation of observed data is the simplest explanation, requiring the fewest homoplasies

Question 11

As adaptations for flight, the wings of bats and birds are an example of

Answer 11

Convergent Evolution is the process by which unrelated or distantly related organisms independently evolve similar traits or adaptations as a result of living in similar environments or facing similar selective pressures.

Question 12

parsimony is a method that

Answer 12

helps distinguish synapomorphies from homoplasies

Question 13

suppose that mice and humans differ by 20 substitutions in their globin genes, and rats and mice differ by 5 subtitutions. Humans and mice lived 80 million years ago. Rats and mice split from each other ___ million years ago.

Answer 13

20; rate of substi: 20/80=0.25 human and mice–> divergence: 5/0.25

Question 14

molecular clock

Answer 14

requires calibration with ind data such as from fossil record/dates/divergences

Question 15

hierarchical taxonomy

Answer 15

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species