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Microbiology > Ch 14 > Flashcards

Ch 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

Immune system

A

Collection of defenses (natural and adaptive) that protects the body from infection

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2
Q

Essence of immunology

A

Discrimination through recognition of self from non-self - keeps us from attacking ourselves

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3
Q

Genetic barriers

A

Allow us as a human race to be resistant to most plant and animal pathogens - the correct receptors for these pathogens are not present on human cells

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4
Q

Species resistance

A

Physiological processes of humans are not going compatible with those of the specific pathogen - conditions are incompatible with those needed for pathogen survival

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5
Q

First line of defense

A

Innate, nonspecific, blocks invasion, through portal of entry
- limits access to internal tissues
- physical barrier: skin, tears, coughing, sneezing
- Chemical barriers: low pH, lysozyme, digestive enzymes
- Genetic barriers: resistance inherent in genetic make up of host (pathogen can’t invade)
- skin (1.5-2 meters squared) lungs (70-140 meters squared) , gastrointestinal tract (40 meters squared)
* not a true immune response

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6
Q

Skin

A
  • Composed of two major layers: epidermidis and dermis
  • Contains chemicals that defend against pathogens: sweat and sebaceous glands
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7
Q

Epidermidis

A
  • Multiple layers of tightly packed cells
  • Few pathogens can penetrate these layers
  • Shedding of dead skin cells removes microorganisms
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8
Q

Dermis

A

Collagen fibers helps skin resist, abrasions that could introduce microorganism’s

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9
Q

Perspiration secreted by sweat glands

A
  • Salt, inhibits growth of pathogens
  • antimicrobial peptides act against microorganisms
  • Lysozyme destroy cell walls of bacteria
  • Uses the flushing, the fact that helps remove micros
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10
Q

Sebaceous (oil) glands

A
  • helps keep skin pliable, and less likely to break or tear
  • Lower skin pH to a level inhibitory to many bacteria
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11
Q

Innate, natural defenses

A

Present at birth, and provide nonspecific resistance to infection

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12
Q

Adaptive immunities

A

Specific resistance, and must be acquired

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13
Q

Second line of defense

A

Innate - mostly nonspecific - consists of protective cells and fluids
- phagocytosis, inflammation, interferon, fever, and complement
* acts rapidly at both local and system levels

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14
Q

Phagocytosis

A
  • cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle
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15
Q

Inflammation

A

Read, hot, swollen

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16
Q

Interferon

A

Interfere with viral replication

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17
Q

Complement

A

Uses antibodies to kill bacteria (compliments, antibacterial activity)

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18
Q

Third line of defense

A

Acquired, specific, occurs as a development of immuno logic memory
- Uses T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and antibodies
* provides long-term immunity 

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19
Q

Outer most layer of the skin

A

Stratum corneum
- Composed of epithelial cells that has become compacted, cemented together, and embedded with keratin (an insoluble protein) - this creates a thick, tough waterproof layer that is thickest in the soles of feet and palms of hand
- Physical barrier for first line of defense

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20
Q

Mucutaneous membranes

A

Found in digestive, urinary, respiratory tract’s, and of the eye
- moist and permeable
- Damaged cells are rapidly replaced
- Mucus coat impede the entry and attachment of some bacteria
- Rhinitis: inflammation of the nasal mucosa creates a copious flow of mucus and fluids that helps flush out nasal passages

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21
Q

Other physical barriers for the first line of defense are

A
  • blinking and tear production: flushes the eye surface to get rid of irritants
  • Flow of saliva: carries microbes in the harsh conditions of the stomach
  • Vomiting and defecation: evacuate noxious substances, or microorganisms
  • nasal hair: traps, larger particles found within the respiratory track
  • Ciliary escalator: ciliated epithelium that is primarily in the trachea and bronchi that propels foreign particles trapped in mucus towards the pharynx to be removed
  • Sneezing: expels a large volume of air at high velocity
  • Coughing: the sensitivity of bronchi, trachea, and asked to foreign material triggers, this, which ejects irritants
  • Genitourinary tract colon through the continuous trickle of urine, the bladder empties periodically and flushes the urethra
  • Microbiota: presents can block the access of pathogens to epithelial services, and can compete with pathogens for limited resources, or alter the environment of the body, both of which can make it less welcoming for pathogens (some bacteria in the large intestine can secrete antibodies which can inhibit or kill other bacteria)
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22
Q

Chemical barriers first line of defense

A

Sebaceous, secretions, lysozyme, defensins, sweat, skin, stomach, intestines, semen, and vagina

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23
Q

Lysozyme: chemical first line

A

Enzyme that hydrolyzes the Pepto glycan in the cell wall of bacteria

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24
Q

Defenses: chemical first line

A

Peptides that are produced by various cells and tissues, that damage, cell membranes and lyse bacteria and fungi
- Skin cells: produce germicide in which eliminate bacteria
-Paneth cells: located in intestine and secrete defenses that can destroy or inhibit some types of infectious agents

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25
Q

Sweat in the context of chemical first line

A

Contains high concentrations of lactic acid in electrolytes that are inhibitory to many microbes

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26
Q

Skin in the context of chemical first line

A

Acidic pH in fatty acid content are inhibitory to many microbes

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27
Q

Intestines: chemical first line

A

Digestive juices and bile

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28
Q

Semen: chemical first line

A

Contains antimicrobial agent

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29
Q

Vagina: chemical first line

A

Protective acidic pH that has maintained by lactobacilli that are part of microbiota

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30
Q

Genetic resistance

A
  • some pathogens have great specificity for one species that they are not capable of infecting other species
  • ex: viruses can invade only by attaching to a specific host receptor
  • Genetic differences in susceptibility can occur within one species - humans caring invitation for sickle cell disease are resistant to malaria and people with skin damage, blockages in tear ducks, salivary, glands, intestines, and urinary tract are at greater risk for infection
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31
Q

Immunology

A

Encompasses the study of all features of the bodies second and third line of defense

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32
Q

Function of a healthy immune system

A
  1. Surveillance of organs, tissues, and other compartments.
  2. Recognition and differentiation of normal components of the body and foreign materials, such as pathogens
  3. Attack against and destroy foreign invaders
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33
Q

White blood cells

A
  • leukocytes
  • constantly move about the body, surveying the tissues for potential pathogens * motility and migration
  • Have an innate capacity to recognize and differentiate any foreign material in the body
  • Display special molecules on their membrane: pattern recognition receptors (PRR) ( sense, pathogens) - kinases, lectins, mannos type of molecules AND Toll-like receptors (reside in the membrane of early responders, like phagocytes) - these receptors can interact with molecules on the surface of many pathogens called pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPS)
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34
Q

PAMPS

A

Molecule shared by many micro organisms that are able to get the attention of white blood cells
- These molecules are peptidoglycan, Lipoteichoic acid, lipopolysaccharide bacterial cell walls, double-stranded RNA from certain viruses, zymosan from fungal cell walls, bacterial flagellin (all of these can alert PRR’s in TLRs)

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35
Q

The most extensive body compartments that participate in immune function

A
  1. Mono nuclear phagocyte system.
  2. The spaces surrounding tissue cells that contain extra cellular fluid.
  3. The blood stream.
  4. Lymphatic system.
    * a reaction in one compartment will be communicated to others
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36
Q

Reticular system

A

Connective tissue fibers that originate in the cellular basal lamina that interconnect nearby cells in mesh with the mass of connective tissue Nettwerk surrounding all organs

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37
Q

Mononuclear phagocyte system

A

The massive connective tissue, Network, that surrounds all organs and thus provides a pathway within and between tissues and organs

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38
Q

Circulatory system

A

Includes heart, capillaries, arteries, and veins, which circulate blood

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39
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Includes lymphatic vessels, lymphatic organs (lymph nodes) that certainly lymph

40
Q

Whole blood

A

Substance that courses through arteries, veins, and capillaries
- A liquid connective tissue consisting of blood cells suspended in plasma
- serum colon is a clear fluid in clotted blood that lacks clotting proteins that plasma contains - separates from clotted blood (clotting is basically just red and white blood cells clumping)
- Plasma: contains hundreds of different types of chemicals that are produced by the liver, white blood cells, endocrine, glands, and nervous system, and absorbed from the digestive tracks - 92% water and rest is proteins like albumin and globulin (including antibodies, other amino chemicals like fibrinogen, hormones, nutrients, ions, electrolytes, dissolved, gases, and waste products

41
Q

Homopoiesis

A

Production of blood cells that begins early and embryonic development in the yolk sac and is later takes on by liver and lymphatic organs, and it is finally assumed entirely and permanently by red bone marrow - active marrow sites gradually receipt as they grow older 

42
Q

Stem cells

A

The primary precursor of new blood cells that is a pool of undifferentiated cells that are maintained in bone marrow
- Immature and unspecialized cells develop the specialized form and function of mature cells - cells that arise from this process include red and white blood cells and platelets

43
Q

Types of leukocytes

A
  1. Granulocyte: a mature leukocyte that contains noticeable granules in a write stain, lobed nucleus - neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
  2. Agranulocyte: globular, non-lobed nuclei that lacks prominent cytoplasmic granules - rounded nucleus
44
Q

Neutrophils

A

Fine, pale, lavender granules
- When they are newly released from bone marrow, the nucleus are horseshoe shaped, but they for multiple loaves as they age
- Polymorphonuclear neutrophils make up 55 to 90% of the circulating leukocytes
- contain cytoplasmic granules that carry digestive enzymes and other chemicals that degrade the phagocytic materials
- Life expectancy: two days

45
Q

Eosinophils

A

Larger, orange/red granules, and bilobed nucleus
- More numerous and bone marrow and spleen, then in circulation
- 1% - 3% of total white blood cell count
- granules contain peroxidase, lysozyme, toxic proteins, inflammatory chemicals
- Attach industry, large eukaryotic pathogens
- Target larval forms of worm parasite that cause ascariasis, filariasis, and schistosomiasis
- earlier cells to accumulate near sights of inflammation in allergic reactions.

46
Q

Basophils

A

Pale stand, two loads nuclei that have prominent dark blue to Black granules
- Make up less than 0.5% of white blood cell count.
- Similar Marcels, which are nonmotile elements, bound to connective tissue around blood vessels, nerves, and epithelia
- Motel elements that migrate within in between compartments
- Like eosinophils, the granules with potent chemical mediators

47
Q

Lymphocyte

A

Type of agranulocyte that are part of the third line of defense
- Second most common white blood cell composing 20% to 35%
- small, spherical with a uniformly, dark, rounded nucleus with a thin fringe of clear cytoplasm
- Consists of the B cells and T cells (both B and T cells are transported by bloodstream and length, and move freely between lymphoid organs and connective tissues - develop specifically for a single antigen

48
Q

B cell

A

Produced in bone marrow
- Form specialized plasma, cells, which produce antibodies

49
Q

T cells

A

Produce and bone marrow, but mature in the thymus gland
- Engage in a spectrum of immune function, called cell mediated immunity, which includes killing foreign cells directly and exerting control over immune function

50
Q

Natural killer cells

A
  • Active against cancerous and virally infected cells
  • Never developed specifically for a single antigen and aren’t part of the third line of defense
  • integrate the general features of virally infected cells in cancer cells, discriminate them from normal cells
  • Integrate to specificity from antibodies to discriminants infected cells - similar to complement systems use of antibodies
  • Both mechanisms of discrimination require direct cell to cell contact and result in natural killer cells, secreting per perforin/granzyme to destroy target sell
51
Q

Monocytes

A

Largest white blood cell
- Is it matures, its nucleus becomes oval, or kidney shaped
- Discharge bone marrow into the bloodstream where they live as phagocytes for a few days and then they become macrophages

52
Q

Macrophages

A
  1. Many types of specific and nonspecific, phagocyte and killing functions (they clean up the mess is from infection, and inflammation)
  2. Processing foreign molecules and presenting them to lymphocytes.
  3. Secrete, biologically, active compounds that assist, mediate, attract, and inhibit immune cells and reactions.
53
Q

Dendritic Cells

A

A type of monocytes cell, long, thin, cell process, immature, dendritic cells move from the blood to the mono nuclear phagocyte system, and lymphatic tissues, where they trap pathogens - the ingestion of bacteria and viruses stimulates the cells to migrate to lymph nodes, and the spleen to participate in reactions with lymphocytes

54
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Produced by stem cells - red blood cells involved in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide - can be the target of mean reactions

55
Q

Platelets

A

Formed elements in circulating blood that aren’t whole cells through the disintegration of large, multi nucleic cells
- Function mainly in hemostasis (plugging broken blood vessels to stop bleeding) and then releasing chemicals that act in the blood clotting and inflammation

56
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Part of the circulatory system - compartmentalized network of vessels, sells, and specialized accessory organs - begin as tiny capillaries that transport lymph through the lymph nodes

Function:
- provide an additional route for the return of extra cellular fluid circulatory spleen
- Help drain fluid that has accumulated due to its inflammatory response
- Render surveillance, recognition, protection against foreign materials, through a system of lymphocytes, phagocytes, and antibodies

57
Q

Lymph

A

Plasma like liquid carried by lymphatic circulation
- Produced when blood components live blood vessels and diffuse into lymphatic capillaries
- Mostly water, dissolved salt, protein
- transports numerous white blood cells
- Red blood cells aren’t normally found in lymph

58
Q

Lymphatic capillaries

A

Permeate all parts of the body, except the central nervous system and certain organ, such as bone, placenta, and thymus
- Send walls have a single layer of epithelial cells similar to blood, capillaries, with loose junctions that allow free entry of extra cellular fluid that collected from the circulatory system
* found in the high numbers in hands, feet, and breast

59
Q

Differences between bloodstream and lymphatic system

A

Lymph only flows in one direction from the extremities toward the heart
- Eventually it will return to the bloodstream through the thoracic duct near the base of the neck
- Blood is transported through the body by the heart, while lymph is moved through the contraction of skeletal muscles that surround the lymphatic ducts

60
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

Thymus gland and bone marrow
- lymphocytes are formed and reside here
- Release lymphocytes to populate secondary sites

61
Q

Secondary lymphatic organs and tissues

A

Lymph nodes and spleen
- Circulatory based locations where it encounters microbes anomie responses
Malt: mucosal associated lymphoid tissue
Galt: gut associated lymphoid tissue (Peyer’s patches)

62
Q

Thymus

A

Butterfly shaped organ near the tip of the sternum that is the site of T cell maturation
- Size of thymus is greatest at birth, and continues to exhibit high rates of growth until puberty, after which it gradually shrinks through adulthood

63
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Small, encapsulated, being shaped organ stations, along with Faldik channels in large blood vessels of the Racic and abdominal cavities - the location and structure helps nodes filter out materials that entered lymph and provided appropriate cells and niches for immune and reactions

64
Q

Spleen

A

Lymphoid organ that filters blood instead of lymph - removes worn out blood cells from circulation, filters pathogens from the blood and their subsequent phagocytes by resident macrophages

65
Q

MALT

A

embedded throughout systems lined with mucus membranes and discreet bundles of lymphocytes and other white blood cells
- Widespread system, which is able to provide local, rapid mechanism for responding to the constant influx of microbes entering through portals of entry

66
Q

Pharynx

A

Houses MALT in the form of tonsils

67
Q

GALT

A

Includes appendix, and Peyer’s patches - provides immune functions against intestinal pathogens, and is a significant site of some antibodies

68
Q

PAMPS

A

Pathogen associated molecular patterns
- Molecule shared by micro organisms
-

69
Q

PRR

A

Pathogen recognition receptors
- Receptors white blood cells use for PAMPS

70
Q

Second line of defense process

A

Inflammation, fever, so I guess I ptosis, interferon, mediated antiviral response, complement system

71
Q

Inflammation context used

A
  • Tissue damage: information is the reaction to any traumatic events in the tissues that attempts to restore homeostasis
  • Foreign molecules: information helps to clear away invading microbes in cellular debris left. I mean reactions.
72
Q

Characteristics of inflammation

A

-redness: increase circulation and vasodilation in response to chemical mediators
- Warms: he given off by increase blood flow
- Swelling: increase fluid in the tissue is blood vessels dilate - edema; white blood cells, Microlab’s, debris, and fluid collect to form pus; prevent spread of infection
- Pain: stimulation of nerve endings
* inflammation can be localized to organs and tissues - can be systematic (anaphylaxis)

73
Q

Primary functions of inflammation

A
  1. Bring immune cells to site of an injection /injury.
  2. Sequester, microbes to prevent further damage.
  3. Destroy microbes and remove debris.
  4. Initiate repair mechanisms.
74
Q

Initiating event that response to chemical signals

A

Trauma, infections, foreign particle, cancer

75
Q

Vasoactive actions

A

Affect the diameter of blood vessels
- Vasodilation: dilation of blood vessels
- Increase permeability of capillaries and small veins
- Stimulation of nerves, pain
- Vasoconstriction: constriction of Lascelles
- Edema: swelling caused by too much fluid, trapped in the tissues
Chemical mediators with vasoactive effects: histamine, prostaglandin

76
Q

Chemo static actions

A

Migration of cells towards attractant, chemicals, or away from repellents
- Cells migrate to site of damage
- The neutrophils act as major phagocytes
- Platelets: release mediators
- macrophages colon major phagocytes and support for immune reactions
- Lymphocytes: respond specifically to a pathogen

77
Q

Substances, with chemo static affects

A

Endotoxin, bacterial, peptides, tumor, necrosis factor

78
Q

Mediators with both boys are active and hemostatic affects

A

Complement components, cytokines, like interferons and interleukin, platelet activators, some products of arachidonic acid

79
Q

Major, inflammatory events

A
  1. Injury/immediate reactions: blood vessels, narrow, blood, clots, and most cells, release, chemokines, and cytokines into injured area
  2. Vascular reactions: nearby, blood vessels, dilate, increase blood flow, increase, vascular, permeability, increased leakage of fluid forms.
80
Q

Diapedesis - type of vascular reaction that is unique to leukocytes.

A

Migration of cells out of blood vessels into the tissues

81
Q

Chemotaxis - type of vascular reaction that is unique to leukocytes

A

Migration in response to specific chemicals at the site of injury or infection

82
Q

Edema and pus formation

A

Collection of fluids, Adema/swelling, infiltration by neutrophils information of pus

83
Q

Resolution/scar formation

A

Macrophages, lymphocytes, and fibroblasts migrate in, initiate immune response and repair for injury, scar and loss of normal tissue

84
Q

Fever

A

Initiated by circulating pyrogens, which reset the hypothalamus to increase body temperatures, signals muscles to increase heat, production, and vasoconstriction
- benefits: inhibits, multiplication of temperature, sensitive, micro organisms, impedes nutrition of bacteria by reducing the available iron, increases metabolism, and stimulates onion reactions, and protective physiological processes
- Downside: acute fever difficult to control, young infants, Exogenesis pyrogens

85
Q

Exogenous pyronsv

A

Products of infectious agents, endotoxin

86
Q

Endogenous pyrons

A

Liberated by monocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages, during phagocytosis, interleukins –1
(IL - 1) and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)

87
Q

Phagocytes

A
  1. To survey tissue, compartments, and discover microbes, particulate matter, and dead, or injured cells.
  2. To adjust and eliminate these materials.
  3. To extract immunogenic information from foreign matter.
    Categories of phagocytes
    - Neutrophils: react early to bacteria and other foreign materials and damaged tissue
    - eosinophils: attracted to sites of parasitic infections and antigen antibody reactions
    - monocyte/macrophage lineage: derives from monocytes, scavenge and process foreign substances to prepare them for reactions with B and T lymphocytes- wandering or fixed in tissue - include macrophages, and dendritic cells
88
Q

Opsonization

A

Cells are chemically modified to have stronger interactions with all surface receptors on phagocytes and antibodies

89
Q

Phagocytosis process

A

 Respond to chemotactic factors
- Once they get there, they must be able to recognize and attach to either one of the PAMPS or they need to recognize that some thing has been tagged for destruction by using one of the opsonins
- Once it is able to attach, then it must ingest by bringing it in as a phagosome. (Encompassed in a membrane bound compartment of the cell)
- Destroy: through the fusion of another vesicle called a lysosome, which contain digestive enzymes - when they fused it, exposes the bacteria/debris with lots of digestive enzymes, and turns it into a phaglysosome
- Release of material now that the debris/bacteria is killed or destroyed

90
Q

Interferon - antiviral response (AVR)

A

Small proteins, produced by certain white blood cells and tissue cells in response to viruses, RNA, immune products, and antigens - severe flu like symptoms
- Chemical signal that elicits a response
- Diversity of functions that focused on eliminating virally infected cells
- All these types bind to Sal services and induce expression of anti-viral proteins and inhibit expression of cancer genes
- Interferons, alpha and beta stimulate phagocytosis
- interferon gamma is a new regulator of macrophages and T and B cells

91
Q

Types of interferons

A

Localized
1. Interferon alpha: products of lymphocytes and macrophages
2. Interferon beta: product a fibroblasts and epithelial cells.
Specialized
1. Interferon gamma: product of T cells

92
Q

Complement system

A

Often compliments other parts of the immune system that are innate and adaptive
- nonspecific and not a back up system
- Less than 20 proteins involved in the system
- 10% of all plasma proteins complement related
- Circulating blood/lymph

93
Q

Purpose of complement system

A
  1. Increase phagocytosis.- opsonization of bacteria
  2. Lyse Cells: using the membrane attract complex
  3. Regulates inflammation
94
Q

Complement proteins

A

Are activated by cleavage, - Cascade reactions pathways

95
Q

Cascade reaction pathways

A
  1. Classical: activated by the presence of antibody, bound to microorganism
  2. Lectin pathway: nonspecific reaction of a host serum protein that binds Manon.
  3. Alternative: begins when complement proteins, bind to normal cell walls and surface component of microorganisms.
96
Q

Activating the complement cascade

A
  • All pathways activate the same major complement proteins
  • complement proteins, discriminate and break down to do something different and can even come together to form other enzymes
  • Classical pathway activation: antibody that recognizes a specific antigen allows complement proteins, 12 and four to binds to it, and it changes shape, allowing it to start chopping things
97
Q

Classical pathway – more in depth 

A

Microbiology (8 decks)

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