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Microbiology > Ch. 13 Virus, Viroids and Prions > Flashcards

Ch. 13 Virus, Viroids and Prions Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

general characteristics of viruses

A
  • obligatory intracellular parasites
  • contain DNA or RNA
  • contain a proein coat
  • No ribosome
  • No atp
  • Multiply inside living host using host cell machinery
  • synthesized special structures that can transfer the viral nucleic acid to other cells (capsid)
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2
Q

host range

A

the spectrum of host cells a virus can infect

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3
Q

viral specificity

A

infect only specific types of cells in one host

-determined by host attachment sites and cellular factors

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4
Q

bateriophages

A

viruses that infect bacteria

-rance from 20nm to 1000

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5
Q

virion

A

complete fully developed viral particle

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6
Q

capsid

A

protein coat made of capsomers (subunits)

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7
Q

envelope

A

lipid, protein, carbohydrate coating on some viruses

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8
Q

spikes

A

projections from outer surface of viral structure

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9
Q

general morphology

A

helical viruses-hollow, cylindrical

  • polyhedral- many sided
  • enveloped viruses
  • complex viruses(complicated structures)
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10
Q

genus name ends in

A

virus

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11
Q

family name ends in

A

viridae

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12
Q

order name ends in

A

ales

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13
Q

viral species

A

a group of viruses sharing the same genetic information and ecological niche (host)

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14
Q

viral identification

A
  • cytopathic effect
  • serological tests(western blotting)
  • nucleic acids (RFLPs and PCR)
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15
Q

Lytic Cycle attachment

A

phage attaches by the tail fibers to the host cell

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16
Q

lytic cycle penetration

A

phage lysozyme opens the cell wall; tail sheath contracts to force the tail core and DNA into the cell

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17
Q

lytic cycle biosynthesis

A

production of phage DNA and proteins

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18
Q

lytic cycle maturation

A

assembly of phage particles

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19
Q

lytic cycle release

A

phage lysozyme breaks cell wall

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20
Q

Lytic cycle steps

A 
1 attachment
2 penetration
3 biosynthesis
4 maturation
5 release
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21
Q

lysogeny

A

phage remains latent

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22
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A

phage DNA incorporates into host cell DNA

  • inserted phage DNA is known as a prophage
  • when the host cell replicates its chromosome, it also replicates prophage DNA
  • results in phage conversion-the host cell exhibits new properties
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23
Q

specialized transduction

A
  • specific bacterial genes transferred to another bacterium via a phage
  • changes genetic properties of the bacteria
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24
Q

animal virus attachment

A

attach to cell membrane

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25
Q

animal virus entry

A

by receptor-mediated endocytosis or fusion

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26
Q

animal virus uncoating

A

by viral or host enzymes

27
Q

animal virus biosynthesis

A

production of nucleic acid and proteins

28
Q

animal virus maturation

A

nucleic acid and capsid protein assemble

29
Q

animal virus release

A

by budding (enveloped viruses) or rupture

30
Q

adenoviridae

A
  • double stranded DNA , non enveloped
  • respiratory infections in humans
  • tumors in animals
31
Q

poxviridae

A
  • double stranded DNA, enveloped
  • cause skin lesions
  • vaccinia and smallpox viruses (orthopoxvirus)
32
Q

Herpesviridae

A

double stranded DNA enveloped

33
Q

HHV1 and 2

A

simplexvirus; causes cold sores

34
Q

HHV 3

A

varicellovirus; causes chickenpox

35
Q

HHV 4

A

lymphocryptovirus; causes mononucleosis

36
Q

HHV 5

A

cytomegalovirus

37
Q

HHV 6 and 7

A

roseolovirus

38
Q

HHV 8

A

rhadinovirus; causes Kaposi’s sarcoma

39
Q

Papoviridae

A
  • double stranded, non enveloped
  • papilomavirus
  • causes warts
  • can transform cells and cause cancer
40
Q

Hepadnaviridae

A

double-stranded DNA, enveloped
-hepatitis B virus
uses reverse transcriptase to make DNA from RNA

41
Q

ssRNA + (sense) strand

A

viral RNA serves as mRNA for protein synthesis

42
Q

ssRNA - (antisense) strand

A

viral RNA is transcribed to a + strand to serve as mRNA for protein synthesis

43
Q

dsRNA

A

double stranded RNA

44
Q

Picornaviridae

A

single stranded RNA + strand, nonenveloped

  • enterovirus(poliovirus and coxsackievirus)
  • rhinovirus (common cold)
  • hepatitis A virus
45
Q

Togaviridae

A
  • single stranded RNA, +strand, enveloped
  • alphavirus(transmitted by arthropods, includes chikungunya)
  • rubivirus (rubella)
46
Q

rhabdoviridae

A
  • single stranded RNA - strand one RNA strand
  • lyssavirus(rabies)
  • numerous animal diseases
47
Q

reoviridae

A
  • double stranded RNA, noneneveloped
  • reovirus (respiratory enteric orphan)
  • Rotavirus (mild respiratory infections and gastorenteritis)
48
Q

sarcoma

A

cancer of connective tissue

49
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

cancers of glandular epithelial tissue

50
Q

oncogenes

A

transform normal cells into cancerous cells

51
Q

oncogenic viruses

A

become integrated into the host cell’s DNA and induce tumors

52
Q

DNA oncogenic viruses

A

adenoviridae

  • herpesviridae(epstein barr virus)
  • poxviridae
  • papovaviridae(human papillomavirus)
  • hepadnaviridae (hepatitis b virus)
53
Q

retroviridae

A

-viral RNA is transcribed to DNA (using reverse transcriptase) which can integrate into host DNA (HTLV 1 and 2 cause adult T cell leukemia and lymphoma)

54
Q

latent virus

A

remains asymptomated for long periods

-may reactivate due to changes in immunity (cold sores, shingles)

55
Q

persistent viral infections

A

occur gradually over a long period ; generally fatal (subacute sclerosing panencephalitis )(measles virus)

56
Q

latent viral diseases

A

cold sores
leukemia
shingles

57
Q

persistent viral diseases

A

cervical cancer

  • HIV/AIDs
  • liver cancer
  • persistent enterovirus infection
  • progressive encephalitis
  • subacute sclerosing panencephalitis SSPE
58
Q

prions

A

proteinaceous infectious particles

-inherited and transmissible by ingestion, transplant, and surgical instruments

59
Q

PrPc

A

normal cellular prion protein, on the cell surface

60
Q

PrPsc

A

scrapie protein; accumulates in brain cells, forming plaques

61
Q

plant viruses

A

enter through wounds via insects (plant cells generally protected from disease by an impermeable cell wall)

62
Q

viroids

A

infectious agents composed only of closed, circular ssRNAs

  • smallest known infectious agents
  • do not code any proteins
  • cause diseases in plants
63
Q

two groups of viroids

A

1: pospiviroidae (potatoe spindle tuber viroid)
2: avsunviroidae (avacado sunblotch viroid)

Microbiology (1 decks)

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