Ch. 13 Social Psychology

Question 1

Social Psychology

Answer 1

Study of how people influence others behavior, beliefs, and attitudes.

Question 2

Rau Baumeister and Marle Leamy’s need-to-belong theory

Answer 2

Humans have a biologically based need for interpersonal connections

Result of no social connections is negative psychological and physical consequences, act in selfdestructive ways.

Question 3

Evolutionary factors

Answer 3

Interpersonal connections assist with overall well-being and social groups.

Question 4

Social comparison theory

Answer 4

we evaluate our abilities and beliefs by comparing them with those of others.

Question 5

UPward comparison

Answer 5

we compare ourselves with others who seem superior to us in some way.

Question 6

DOWNward comparison

Answer 6

we compare ourselves with others who seem inferior to us in some way.

Question 7

Social Contagion

Answer 7

Turning to others to better understand ourselves, we often look to them when a situation is ambiguous to figure out what to believe - and how to act.
*Social behavior is often contagious`

Question 8

Mass Hysteria

Answer 8

Irrationality at a group level (the level of people effected)
Mass hysteria outbreak of irrational behavior that is spread by social contagion

RARE cases of mass hysteria lead to collective delusions, in which many people simultaneously come to be convinced of bizarre things that are false.

Question 9

Dr. Inez Beverly Prosser

Answer 9

First black women to receive a PhD in psychology
Research focus on racial inequalities in the education system in the 1930’s
Assisted black students by funding for college and graduate studies

Question 10

Dr. Herman George Canady - Clinical social Psychologist

Answer 10

Research focus on racial bias and IQ testing, along with intergroup anxiety and stereotype threat.
Advocated for better representation of black professionals in the APA AND ATA.

Question 11

Dr Jennifer Lynn Eberhardt

Answer 11

Research focused on racial bias and prejudice in the criminal justice system.
(Black people were tended to be dealt harsher punishments compared to other groups and subject to frequent confrontations with police.)
Design intervention programs for law enforcement agencies that focus on developing and maintaining community trust.

Question 12

Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)

Answer 12

Tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences (e.g., a person’s character, personality and intelligence) on other people’s behavior and underestimate the impact of situational factors (e.g., financial factors, peer pressure, the other person having a bad day).

Question 13

Attributions

Answer 13

When we try to figure out why people, ourselves included, did something, we’re forming attributions, process of assigning causes to behavior.

Question 14

FAE: When analyzing our own behavior, we do the opposite

Answer 14

1. Over-estimate the role of situational factors
2. Under-estimate the role of dispositional factors

Question 15

FAE is associated with cultural factors

Answer 15

People from Japanese and Chinese cultures are less likely to commit this error
*These cultures may be more prone to seeing other people’s behavior as a combination of dispositional and situational influences

Question 16

Conformity

Answer 16

Tendency of people to alter their behavior as a result of group pressure
*Conform to social pressure
Aschs’s conformity study of the line

Question 17

Deindividuation

Answer 17

Tendency of people to engage in uncharacteristic behavior when they are stripped of their usual identities.

Feeling of anonymity (unknown) and lack of responsibility tend to promote deindividuation.
Large groups, wearing mask shield true identity

Question 18

Groupthink

Answer 18

Emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking.

Groups sometimes become so intent on ensuring that everyone agrees with everyone else that they lose their capacity to evaluate issues objectively.
1) Coming to a consensus for a decision, without using critical thinking.
2) Overconfidence in perspective due to unanimity.
3) Less likely to consider consequences or alternatives.

Question 19

Extreme forms of groupthink lead to cults

Answer 19

group of individuals who exhibit intense and unquestioning devotion to a single cause

Question 20

How is groupthink promoted in Four major ways

Answer 20

1)Have a persuasive leader who fosters loyalty
2)Disconnect members from the outside world
3)Discouraging questioning if group’s assumptions
4)Establishing training practices that gradually indoctrinate members

Question 21

Inoculation effect

Answer 21

Approach to convincing people to change their minds about something by first introducing reasons why the perspective might be correct and the debunking these reasons.

Question 22

Obedience

Answer 22

Adhere to instructions from those of higher authority
The group influence springs from not from our peers, but from our leaders

Question 23

Additional predictors of obedience

Answer 23

1)High morality scores resulted in lower compliance with authority
2)Higher level of authoritarianism resulted in greater compliance

Question 24

Causes of bystander Nonintervention: Why we don’t help

Answer 24

Lack of caring; referred to as “bystander apathy”
less a consequence of apathy then of “psychological paralysis”
want to intervene, but often find themselves frozen

Question 25

Pluralistic Ignorance

Answer 25

error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do.
1)To intervene in an emergency, we first need to recognize that the situation is an emergency.

2)If others don’t respond, we may simply then assume that the situation is not an emergency

We need to feel a burden of responsibility for the consequence of no intervening
Here’s the rub: The more people present at an emergency, the less each person feels responsible for the negative consequences of not helping

Question 26

Diffusion of responsibility

Answer 26

reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others
-Assuming that it is the responsibility of someone else to help

Question 27

Bystander intervention studies
1)Report that smoke was filling a room
2)React to what sounded like a woman falling off a ladder and injuring herself
3)Respond to what sounded like a student experience an epileptic seizure.

Answer 27

In all three studies, participants were significantly more likely to seek or offer help when alone, compared compared to when in a group.

Question 28

Social loafing

Answer 28

Phenomena on whereby individuals become less productive in groups.
Due partly to diffusion of responsibility and influenced by cultural factors
- people working in groups feel less responsible for the outcome of a project than they do when working alone. As a result, they don’t invest as much effort.

Question 29

Preventing social loafing

Answer 29

1)Ensure that each person in the group is identifiable.
2)Each person should have clearly defined roles and responsibilities.

Question 30

Altruism

Answer 30

helping others for unselfish reasons
- empathy affects our likelihood of helping.

Question 31

The enlightenment effect

Answer 31

Learning about psychological research can change real-world behavior for the better.
- Learning about the bystander effect makes the effect less likely to happen.

Question 32

Aggression

Answer 32

Behavior intended to harm others, either verbally or physically
linked to: interpersonal provocation
frustration, media influence, aggressive cues, arousal level, alcohol and drugs, temperature outside.

Question 33

Culture of honor

Answer 33

Southern regions of the United States are more likely than those from other regions of that country to adhere to a culture of honor, a social norm of defending one’s reputation in the face of declared insults.

Question 34

Attitudes

Answer 34

Our experiences shape our attitudes. The recognition heuristics makes us more likely to believe something we’ve heard many times.
- Help us make snap judgements that are surprisingly accurate

Question 35

Political viewsq

Answer 35

Individuals with more extremist political values demonstrate higher bodily arousal to threatening stimuli as well as fear. (excitement)

Rigid thinking patterns are more associated with less tolerance for diverse perspective.

Question 36

Religiosity

Answer 36

Adolescents with high level of conscientiousness are more likely to become deeply religious as adults.

Question 37

Cognitive Dissonance theory - influential model of attitude change.

Answer 37

we alter our attitudes because we experience an unpleasant state of tension - Cognitive dissonance between two or more conflicting thoughts (cognition).

Question 38

Self-perception theory

Answer 38

theory that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviors

Question 39

Impression management theore

Answer 39

Theory that we don’t really change our attitudes, but report that we have so that our behaviors appear consistent with out attitudes. Do not want to appear inconsistent.

Question 40

Foot-in-the-door technique

Answer 40

Involves making a small request before making/asking bigger one request.

Question 41

Door-in-the-face technique

Answer 41

Involving making an unreasonably large request before asking/making the small request, in the hope of making the client feel guilty.

Question 42

Lowball technique

Answer 42

The seller of a product starts by quoting a low sales prices, and then mentions all of the “add-on” costs. Leading to a larger amount

Question 43

But-you-are-free technique

Answer 43

we convince someone to perform a favor for us by telling them that they are free not to do it.

works because people given free choice can convince themselves that they made the choice on their own and weren’t pressured by the person making the request.

Question 44

Other persuasive tactics

Answer 44

1)attractiveness and fame
2)perceived credibility (doctors ,professionals)
3)similarity with the target audience

Question 45

Implicit egotism effect

Answer 45

We’re more positively disposed toward people, places, or things that resemble us - across many domains.

Question 46

Prejudice

Answer 46

Drawing negative conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence.

Question 47

Stereotype

Answer 47

A belief positive or negative, about characteristics of members of a group that is applied generally to most members of the group.

• some may be accurate, but others are due to illusory correlations and confirmation bias.

Question 48

Ultimate attribution error

Answer 48

assumption that behavior among individual members of a group are due to their internal dispositions (inherent qualities).

Question 49

Adaptive conservatism

Answer 49

evolutionary principle that creates a predisposition toward distrusting anything or anyone unfamiliar or different.

Question 50

In-group biases

Answer 50

tendency to favor individuals within our group over those from outside our group.

Question 51

Out-group biases

Answer 51

tendency to view all individuals outside our group as highly similar

Question 52

Discrimination

Answer 52

negative behavior toward members of out-groups

Question 53

Scapegoat hypothesis

Answer 53

claim that prejudice arises from a need to blame other groups for our misfortunes.
- frustration can trigger aggression, which people then displace onto minority groups.

Question 54

Just-world hypothesis

Answer 54

claim that our attributions and behavior are shaped by a deep-seated assumption that the world is fair and all things happed for a reason.
- lead us to place blame on group that are already in a one-down position (disadvantage).

Question 55

Conformity

Answer 55

Going along with others’ opinions, prejudices, and discriminatory ideas and behaviors
- need for social approval

Question 56

Extrinsic religiousity

Answer 56

high levels of prejudice, religion means to an end.

Question 57

Intrinsic religiosity

Answer 57

equal or lower levels of prejudice than nonreligious people.
- religion is a deeply ingrained part of their belief system

Question 58

implicit prejudice

Answer 58

beliefs about the characteristics of an out-group that are outside of our immediate awareness.

Question 59

Explicit prejudice

Answer 59

Beliefs about the characteristics of an out-group that we are aware of

Question 60

robert cave study

Answer 60

had two competing group of grade 5 students work towards shares goals.
1)the two groups started on separate teams with goals that needed to be completed while competing against the other group.
2) this lead both groups to despise each other.
3) last they were tasked to work together to complete a goal, activities that require cooperation between the group lead to a decrease in hostility,

Question 61

Jigsaw classroom

Answer 61

educational approach designed to minimize prejudice by requiring all children to make independent contributions to a shared project.