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SCH 325 Biochemistry > Ch. 13: Carbohydrate Structure and Function > Flashcards

Ch. 13: Carbohydrate Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main groups of carbohydrates?

A

Simple sugars, polysaccharides, glycoconjugates

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2
Q

Three types of simple sugars

A

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides

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3
Q

Two types of polysaccharides

A

Glucose homopolymers, disaccharide heteropolymers

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4
Q

Three types of glycoconjugates

A

Glycoproteins, proteoglycans, glycolipids

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5
Q

D vs. L-Oriented Sugars

A

L- last chiral group is on the left, D - last chiral group is on the right (most abundant in nature)

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6
Q

Alpha vs. Beta glycosidic linkages

A

If the H group lost from the hydroxyl is below the line of symmetry, it’s alpha; above the line of symmetry, and it’s beta

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7
Q

Glycosyltransferases

A

Enzymes that catalyze the formation of the glycosidic linage to form a glycoside

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8
Q

Glycobiology

A

The study of glycan structure and function

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9
Q

What is the benefit of branching in glycans?

A

Structural stability and ability to hold more energy

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10
Q

Glycan biochemistry

A

Conjugates are identified by liquid chromatography or mass spectroscopy

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11
Q

Glycan biosynthesis

A

Recruited from the environment or made within the cell in the ER or Golgi apparatus

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12
Q

Glycan diversity

A

Can be found on cell surface; varies within species and across species

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13
Q

Glycan recognition

A

Specific binding proteins called lectins bind to glycans to stimulate a biological response

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14
Q

Lectins

A

Do not have a high affinity for glycans, so they can be disrupted by reagents for medical applications

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15
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

Simple sugars that range from 3 to 20 branched and unbranched sugar residues

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16
Q

What are some examples of oligosaccharides?

A

Stachyose and Raffinose

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17
Q

Raffinose

A

A trisaccharide made up of 3 monomers: Galactose, glucose, and fructose

18
Q

What do plants use carbs for?

A

Energy storage and structure (cell wall)

19
Q

Cellulose

A

Made up of repeating units of a disaccharide called cellobiose; branching properties give rise to more structural integrity; make up the cell wall of plants

20
Q

Chitin

A

Linear polysaccharide that is the structural component to the exoskeletons of crustaceans and insects; also found in the tissues of animals

21
Q

Starch

A

Used by plants to store excess glucose; made up of amylose, amylopectin, and other polysaccharides

22
Q

Glycogen

A

Used by animals to store dietary sources of glucose; contains branch points

23
Q

Amylose

A

Amylose sugars form a structure where there are 6 sugars per helical turn; used by starch for energy storage

24
Q

Penicillin

A

A beta-lactamase inhibitor; Penicillin inhibits bacterial enzymes called transpeptidase through irreversible binding, causing the cell wall of bacteria to disintegrate

25
Q

How are some bacteria penicillin/antibiotic resistant?

A

Bacteria have developed two mechanisms of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics

26
Q

Proteoglycans

A

Two types of structures: Extracellular matrix and cell surface

27
Q

Intrinsic Glycoconjugate Interactions

A

The whole cell is communicating with itself

28
Q

Extrinsic Glycoconjugate Interactions

A

Communication between the whole cell and foreign cells (ie. viruses, pathogens)

29
Q

Glycoconjugate Analysis: Liquid Chromatography

A

Peaks show the amount of each glycan species eluted over time

30
Q

Glycoconjugate Analysis: Mass Spectroscopy

A

Peaks show the molecular mass of each glycan species in the sample

31
Q

Glycoconjugate Analysis: Lectin Array

A

Use as a substrate; bind to a fluorescent “antigen”

32
Q

Glycan cleavage

A

A method of structural characterization; glycans must first be separated from the protein moiety using a cleavage reaction

33
Q

N-linked glycan

A

Removed from protein using just PNGaseF

34
Q

O-linked glycan

A

Chemicals such as NaOH and NaBH4 strip the O-linked glycan from the sugar

35
Q

What are the main functions of monosaccharides?

A

To produce and store energy

36
Q

What are the main functions of polysaccharides in living things?

A

Energy storage and structural support

37
Q

What molecules make up carbohydrates/glycans?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

38
Q

What is the ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in carbohydrates?

A

1:2:1
For every one carbon, there are two hydrogens and one oxygen

39
Q

What is another common name for carbohydrates?

A

Glycans

40
Q

What is the empirical formula for carbohydrates?

A

(CH2O)n, where n is greater than or equal to 3

41
Q

What are some examples of the functions of glycoconjugates?

A
  1. Cell-to-cell communication
  2. Cross-linkage between proteins

SCH 325 Biochemistry (5 decks)

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