CH 13 & 9: Community Assessment & Evaluation with a bit of EBP

Question 1

group of people that share something in common

Answer 1

community

Question 2

when nursing focus is on the collective/common good, instead of an individual

Answer 2

community as client

Question 3

current state of community/priorities

Answer 3

community health/aims

Question 4

seeking health improvement for a population/community

Answer 4

population-centered practice

Question 5

involving community members at all phases of assessment

Answer 5

community partnerships

Question 6

formal/informal community leaders

Answer 6

community gatekeepers

Question 7

taking stock of all details within a community to determine strengths, barriers to care/problems, areas for improvement

Answer 7

community assessment

Question 8

purpose of community assessments

Answer 8

Learn more about community needs AND strengths.
Locate [confirmation] data to address a recognized community problem.
Focus on setting priorities to address health issues in communities.
Organizations/counties/states/federal agencies may also be required to complete community assessments for regulatory or accreditation standards.

Question 9

types of community assessments

Answer 9

Comprehensive assessment
Population-focused assessment
Setting-specific assessments
Problem- or health issue-based assessment
Health impact assessment
Rapid needs assessment

Question 10

data collection about populations in a community including assets, unmet needs, opportunities for improvement
Health status/needs/used for epidemiological studies

Answer 10

comprehensive assessments

Question 11

assessing larger group that share age/gender/ethnicity/common health issue (pregnant women in a community, immigrants from a specific country, people over 65 years of age with diabetes

Answer 11

population-focused assessment

Question 12

UNCG nursing students, staff members at Cone Health

Answer 12

setting-specific assessments

Question 13

Longer term exposure or health condition based.

Answer 13

Problem- or health issue-based assessment

Question 14

Establish the extent and possible evolution of an emergency by measuring: present/potential health impact of an emergency; determine the existing response capacity, identify immediate needs

Answer 14

rapid needs assessment

Question 15

public health core functions

Answer 15

assessment
policy development
assurance

Question 16

first step in the development of health programs and interventions aimed at optimizing the health of a community or population

Answer 16

assessment

Question 17

strategic plan that describes the health of a community

Answer 17

community health assessment

Question 18

factors of a community health assessment

Answer 18

-collecting, analyzing and using data to educate and mobilize communities
-developing priorities
-obtaining resources
-planning actions to improve health

Question 19

Health Indicators – Secondary Sources of Data

Answer 19

i.e. Healthy People 2030 and County Health Rankings

Question 20

Health Indicators – Primary Sources of Data

Answer 20

Participant observation
Windshield surveys
Key informant interviews
Focus groups
Photovoice
Secondary analysis of exiting data
Surveys

Question 21

process of community as a partner: assessment to evaluation

Answer 21

This process requires clinical judgment and critical appraisal of multiple types of data from a variety of sources, and it requires a clear knowledge and understanding of the community as client.

Question 22

collected directly through interaction with community members, which may include community leaders or interested stakeholders.

Answer 22

primary data

Question 23

obtained through existing reports on the community including census, vital statistics, and numerical reports (e.g., morbidity and mortality information or information from reference books).

Answer 23

secondary data

Question 24

numerical measures of health outcomes, such as morbidity and mortality, as well as determinants of health and population characteristics. Generally, these data are from secondary sources such as websites or printed materials.

Answer 24

health indicators

Question 25

secondary vs primary data
and EXs:

Answer 25

Primary data include any data collected directly by the assessment team.

Examples: Interviews, surveys, focus groups, observations, photovoice, windshield surveys

Secondary data include the examination of data already collected for another purpose, such as census data.

Examples: Epidemiological studies, databases, map images, data previously collected.

Question 26

preliminary observation data

Answer 26

Surveys conducted for the assessment
Inventory of Resources: Questionnaires on different organizations such as health-care institutions and schools.
Quantitative surveys
Qualitative surveys

Question 27

types of primary data for community assessment

Answer 27

Windshield Survey (driving)
Gives the “pulse of the community”
Shoe leather survey (walking)
Kinship/Economics/Education/Political/Religious/Associations (K E E P R A)
–Family life
–Stable economy
–Schools and other educational institutions
Places of worship, neighborhood associations, evidence of political activity

Question 28

types of secondary data for a community assessment

Answer 28

Sources include census data/aggregate data (no individual level data), crime reports, national health survey statistics from the federal, state, or local health departments

Question 29

analysis of data

Answer 29

Making sense of the collected data:
Examine changes/trends over time.
Sociodemographic comparisons include changes from one census data collection period to another.
The time period for comparing disease trends varies by the prevalence of disease.
Compare with other populations/communities.
Are there disparities? Gaps in services?
The team identifies the important health issues for the community.

Question 30

personal safety in community practice

Answer 30

Personal safety is a prerequisite for effective community-oriented/based practice.
Personal safety should be a consideration throughout the process, wherever you are (includes what color of clothing you where if in gang territory)
An awareness of the community and common sense are the two best guidelines for judgment.
In addition to other sources mentioned, three sources of information about a community:
Other nurse, social workers, or health care providers who are familiar with the dynamics of a given community
Community members
Your own observations

Question 31

evidence-based practice as applied to nursing in the community:

Answer 31

Using the best available evidence from a variety of sources, including research studies, nursing experience and expertise, and community leaders.
Culturally and financially appropriate interventions need to be identified when working with communities.
The use of evidence to determine the appropriate use of interventions that are culturally sensitive and cost effective is essential. (p. 157).

Question 32

approaches to finding evidence

Answer 32

studies such as integrative/ systematic/ narrative reviews
meta-analysis studies
randomized controlled trials (RCTs) detailed

Question 33

3 domains for evaluating

Answer 33

quality
quantity
consistency

Question 34

approaches to implementing EBP

Answer 34

first step is recognizing the current status of your current nursing practice
know your resources, protocols and standards
may be different
Healthy People 2030
cost vs quality

Question 35

longer term exposure, or stroke belt or cancer belt

Answer 35

problem- or health issue-based assessment

Question 36

WHO definition of community

Answer 36

“a group of people, often living in a defined geographical area, who may share a common culture, values and norms, and are arranged in a social structure according to relationships which the community has developed over a period of time”

Question 37

different levels of evidence-based practice in community nursing

Answer 37

Individual
community focused
systems focused