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❤️ Chapter 13 > Ch 13 > Flashcards

Ch 13 Flashcards

1
Q

____ is no heart beat or pulse

A

Asystole

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2
Q

____ is the continuous one way circuit of blood through the blood vessels

A

Circulation

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3
Q

The prime mover that propels blood throughout the body is what organ ___

A

The heart

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4
Q

Strokes (contractions) of the heart average about 72 beats per min and continue unceasingly for a life time.

A

Know

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5
Q

____ is a word that means a beat

A

Stroke

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6
Q

The heart is located ___ to the lungs

A

Medial

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7
Q

The _____ is located at the bottom of the heart

A

Apex

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8
Q

_____ is the central region of the thorax

A

Mediastinum

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9
Q

_____ is a thin, smooth layer of epithelial cells that lines the hearts interior. Has a smooth surface for easy flow as blood travels though the heart. Extensions of this membrane cover the flaps of the heart valves

A

Endocardium

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10
Q

The _____ is the heart muscle, it’s the thickest layer and pumps blood through the vessels.

A

Myocardium

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11
Q

The _____ is a serious membrane that forms the thin, outermost layer of the heart wall. Also considered the visceral layer of the pericardium.

A

Epicardium

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12
Q

The _____ is the sad that encloses the heart. This sacs outermost and heaviest layer is the fibrous pericardium, a connective membrane.

A

Pericardium

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13
Q

Cardiac muscles are lightly striated based on alternating actin and myosin filaments as seen in skeletal muscle. Unlike skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle cells have a single nucleus instead of multiple nuclei

A

Know

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14
Q

_____ and ____ are the striations that cause myocardium muscle to contract

A

Myosin and actin

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15
Q

_______ ____ are actually plasma membranes of adjacent cells that are tightly joined together by specialized membrane proteins. & permit electrical impulses to travel between adjacent cells

A

Intercalated disks

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16
Q

The right side of the heart receives blood low in oxygen content that has already passed through the body and pumps it to the ____ through the pulmonary circuit

A

Lungs

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17
Q

The left side of the heart ___ highly oxygenated blood from the ____ and pumps it throughout the body via systemic circuit

A

Receives from the lungs

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18
Q

The upper chambers on the right and left side of the heart are called the _____ and are mainly blood receiving chambers

A

Atria

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19
Q

The lower chambers on the right and left side of the heart are called the _____ and are forceful pumps

A

Ventricles

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20
Q

The _____ _____ is a thin walled chamber that receives the blood returning from the body tissues. Low in o2 and is carried in the veins leading back to the heart

A

Right atrium

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21
Q

The ____ ____ ____ brings blood from the head, chest( and arms

A

Superior vena cava

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22
Q

The ____ ____ receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the lungs

A

Right ventricle

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23
Q

Blood passes from the ____ ___ into a pulmonary trunk which divides into right and left pulmonary arteries

A

Right ventricle

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24
Q

Branches of the right and left pulmonary artery’s carry blood to the ____

A

Branches, lungs

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25
Q

An ___ is a vessel that takes blood from the heart to the tissues

A

Artery

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26
Q

The ____ ____ receives oxygen rich blood as it returns from the lungs in the pulmonary veins. (Pulmonary veins are colored in red as they are carrying blood high in oxygen content unlike other veins that are typically high in oxygen)

A

Left atrium

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27
Q

The ____ _____ is the chamber with the thickest wall that pumps highly oxygenated blood to all parts of the body including the lung tissues. This blood goes first to the Aorta, the largest artery then the branching systemic arteries that take blood to the tissues

A

Left ventricle

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28
Q

The hearts right and left chambers are separated from each other’s by partitions called a ____

A

Septum

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29
Q

The ______ septum separates the two atria

A

Interatrial septum

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30
Q

The ____ septum separates the two ventricles

A

Interventricular septum

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31
Q

There are four one way valves that direct blood through the heart and are located at the entrance and exit of each ventricle.

The entrance valves are called the ______ valves

A

Atrioventricular valves

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32
Q

There are four one way valves that direct blood through the heart and are located at the entrance and exit of each ventricle.

The exit valves are called the _____ valves and named so because each flap of the valves resemble a half moon

A

Semilunar valves

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33
Q

The _____ ____ is also known as the tricuspid valve because it has three cusps or flaps that open and close.
When the valves are open blood flows from the right atrium to right ventricle

When the valve is closed blood cannot return to the right atrium but must flow forward into the pulmonary trunk

A

Right atrioventricular AV valve

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34
Q

The _____ _____ valve is the bicuspid valve referred to as the mitral valve. It has two heavy cusps that permit blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle
When the cusps close the left ventricle contracts preventing blood from returning to the left atrium so it ensures the blood flow into the aorta

A

Left atrioventricular valve

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35
Q

The right and the left AV valves are attached by means of thin fibrous threads to _____ muscles arising from the walls of the ventricles

A

Papillary muscles

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36
Q

The function of the papillary muscles (threads) are called the _____ _____ and it is to stabilize the valve flaps when the ventricles contract so that the bloods force will not push the valves up to the atria. They help prevent backflow of the blood when the heart beats

A

Chordae tendineae

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37
Q

The ____ ____ is a semilunar valve located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk that leads to the lungs

A

Pulmonary valve

38
Q

The higher pressure in the pulmonary artery is described as ____ ____, it closes the valve and prevents blood from returning to the right ventricle

A

Back pressure

39
Q

The ____ ___ is a semilunar valve located between the left ventricle and the aorta.

When the left ventricle relaxes back pressure closes the aortic valve and prevents backflow of the blood from the aorta into the left ventricle

A

Aortic valve

40
Q

Blood passes through the heart twice in making a trip from the hearts right side through the pulmonary circuit to the lungs back to the hearts left side to start on its way through the systemic circuit

A

Know

41
Q

____ _____ bring blood back to the left atrium

A

Pulmonary veins

42
Q

_____ ____ take blood to the lungs

A

Right ventricle

43
Q

The superior and inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus are third vessel that takes blood to the right atrium

A

Know

44
Q

Know that the hearts two sides function in unison to pump identical volumes of blood through both circuits at the same time

A

Know

45
Q

Only the _____ comes into contact with the blood that flows through the heart chambers

A

Endocardium

46
Q

The _____ must have its own blood vessels to provide oxygen and nourishment and to remove waste products

A

Myocardium

47
Q

The myocardium and endocardium together form the ____ _____

A

Coronary circulation.

48
Q

____ receives blood by coronary circulation

A

Myocardium

49
Q

Five major vessels

  1. Arteries (Red)
  2. Arterioles (blue)
  3. Capillaries (blue/red)
  4. Venules (red)
  5. Veins (red)
A

Know

50
Q

The _____ ____ bring blood back to the body

A

Left ventricle

51
Q

The main arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle are the ____ & ____ _____ ___

A

Right and left coronary arteries

52
Q

The ____ ___ are the first to branch off to the aorta, Arise just above the chaos of the aortic valve and branch to all regions of the heart muscle. They get blood to the heart muscle

A

Coronary arteries

53
Q

A heart muscle contraction begins in the thin walled upper chambers, the atria and is followed by a contraction of the thick muscle of the lower chambers, the ventricles. The active phase is called _____ and is followed by a resting phase called the ___

A

Systole and diastole

54
Q

One compete sequence of heart contraction and relaxation is called the ____ ____

A

Cardiac cycle

55
Q

_____ valves are closed during atrial systole to prevent blood from flowing backwards from the great vessels into the ventricles

A

Semilunar valves

56
Q

The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute is termed the _____ ___

A

Cardiac output

57
Q

The ____ ____ is the volume of blood ejected from the ventricle with each best

A

Stroke volume

58
Q

The _____ ____ is the number of times the heart beats per minute.

CO=HRX SV

Based on a heart rate of 75 bpm and a stroke volume of 70ml/ beat the average cardiac output for an adult at rest is about 5l/min

A

Heart rate

59
Q

The faster the heart rate the faster cardiac output and the slower the heart rate the slower the cardiac output

A

Know

60
Q

____ sets the heart rate

A

Medulla

61
Q

The ______ ____ is located in the upper wall of the right atrium in a small depression described as a sinus

A

Sinoatrial node SA

62
Q

The ____ ____ sets the rate of the heart contractions commonly called the pace maker

A

SA node

63
Q

The second node located in the interatrial septum at the bottom of the right atrium called the _____ ___

A

Atrioventricular node AV node

64
Q

The _____ _____ also known as the bundle of his, located at the top of the interventricular septum.

A

Atrioventricular node AV node

65
Q

_____ _____ travel in a branching network throughout the myocardium of the ventricles

A

Purkinje fibers

66
Q

The order in which impulses travel through the heart is

  1. SA node generates electrical impulses that begin the heart beat
  2. The waves travel through the myocardium of each atrium causing atria to contract, impulses also travel directly to the AV node by fibers in the wall of the atrium that make up the internodal pathways
  3. The AV node is stimulated
  4. The excitation wave travels through the AV bundle then the ventricular walls by the means of bundle branches and purkinje fibers. The ventricular musculature contracts in a wave beginning at the apex and squeezing blood upward toward the aorta and pulmonary artery
A

Know

67
Q

A normal heart rhythm originating at the SA node is called ____ ____

A

Sinus rhythm

68
Q

The _____ modifies heart rate according to the changing body conditions: stressors, such as excitement and exercise, activate the sympathetic nervous system

A

ANS

69
Q

The _____ nerve that supplies the heart is the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X)

A

Parasympathetic nerve

70
Q

The heart rate is affected by substances circulating in the blood, including hormones, such as _____,______,&_____

A

Epinephrine, thyroxine, and K+,Na+, and Ca+ and drugs

71
Q

What two drugs slow down the heart beat _____&____

A

Morphine & hydrocodone

72
Q

______ is a relatively slow heart rate of less than 60 bpm. During rest and sleep, the heart may beat less than 60bpm but the rate usually does not fall below 50bpm

A

Bradycardia

73
Q

______ refers to a heart rate of more than 100 bpm. It is normal during exercise or stress, or with excessive caffeine intake but may also occur with certain disorders

A

Tachycardia

74
Q

____ ____ is a regular variation in heart rate caused by changes in the rate and depth of breathing. It is a normal phenomenon

A

Sinus arrhythmia

75
Q

_____ ____ _____ also called ventricular extrasystole and is a ventricular contraption initiated by the purkinje fibers rather than the SA node and may be caused by caffeine, nicotine, or psychological stress

A

Premature ventricular contraction PVC

76
Q

The first heart sound (S1) is the “lub” and is a longer lower pitched sound that occurs at the start of ventricular systole and is made from the closure of AV valves

The second part is the “dub” (S2) is shorter and sharper occurs at the beginning of the ventricular relaxation and caused largely by subset closure of semilunar valves

A

Know

77
Q

An abnormal sound is called a ____ and is usually due to faulty valve action

A

Murmur

78
Q

An abnormal sound caused by any structural change in the heart or vessels connected with the heart is called an ____ ____

A

Organic murmur

79
Q

Certain normal sounds heard while the heart is working may also be described as murmurs such as the sound heard during rapid filling of the ventricles called ____ __

A

Functional murmurs

80
Q

The _____ is used to record the electrical activity of the heart as it functions

A

Electrocardiograph

81
Q

The _____ ____ corresponds to depolarization of the atria

A

P wave

82
Q

The ____ ____ corresponds the depolarization of the ventricles

A

QRS wave

83
Q

The ____ ____ shows ventricular repolarization but the atrial repolarization is hidden by the QRS wave

A

T wave

84
Q

A _____ is an instrument for examining deep structures with x rays is used to shoe the route taken by the catheter

A

Fluoroscope

85
Q

During catheterization due can be injector to the coronary arteries to map vascular damage, a procedure known as ____ ____

A

Coronary angiography

86
Q

In ______ also know. As ultrasound cardiography, high frequency sound waves are sent to the heart from a small instrument on the chest surface.

A

Echocardiography

87
Q

Movement of the echoes is traced on an electronic instrument is called an _____ and recorded on film

A

Oscilloscope

88
Q

The oscilloscope provides info on the size and shape of heart structures and cardiac function and possible heart defects

A

Know

89
Q

Some contributing factors to artery disease (non modifiable factors)

  1. Age
  2. Gender men have a greater risk than women, women older than 50 years or past menopause have a risk equal to men
  3. hereditary
  4. Body type
A

Know

90
Q 
Risk factors for heart disease can be reduced by modifying factors in ones life style is 
1. Smoking (tobacco use) 
2. Physical inactivity 
3. Weight over ideal increases risk
4. Saturated fat in the diet 
5. Hypertension damages heart muscle
6. Diabetes causes damage to small blood vessels 
7 individuals suffering from sleep apnea
A

Know

❤️ Chapter 13 (2 decks)

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