Ch 13 Flashcards
____ is no heart beat or pulse
Asystole
____ is the continuous one way circuit of blood through the blood vessels
Circulation
The prime mover that propels blood throughout the body is what organ ___
The heart
Strokes (contractions) of the heart average about 72 beats per min and continue unceasingly for a life time.
Know
____ is a word that means a beat
Stroke
The heart is located ___ to the lungs
Medial
The _____ is located at the bottom of the heart
Apex
_____ is the central region of the thorax
Mediastinum
_____ is a thin, smooth layer of epithelial cells that lines the hearts interior. Has a smooth surface for easy flow as blood travels though the heart. Extensions of this membrane cover the flaps of the heart valves
Endocardium
The _____ is the heart muscle, it’s the thickest layer and pumps blood through the vessels.
Myocardium
The _____ is a serious membrane that forms the thin, outermost layer of the heart wall. Also considered the visceral layer of the pericardium.
Epicardium
The _____ is the sad that encloses the heart. This sacs outermost and heaviest layer is the fibrous pericardium, a connective membrane.
Pericardium
Cardiac muscles are lightly striated based on alternating actin and myosin filaments as seen in skeletal muscle. Unlike skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle cells have a single nucleus instead of multiple nuclei
Know
_____ and ____ are the striations that cause myocardium muscle to contract
Myosin and actin
_______ ____ are actually plasma membranes of adjacent cells that are tightly joined together by specialized membrane proteins. & permit electrical impulses to travel between adjacent cells
Intercalated disks
The right side of the heart receives blood low in oxygen content that has already passed through the body and pumps it to the ____ through the pulmonary circuit
Lungs
The left side of the heart ___ highly oxygenated blood from the ____ and pumps it throughout the body via systemic circuit
Receives from the lungs
The upper chambers on the right and left side of the heart are called the _____ and are mainly blood receiving chambers
Atria
The lower chambers on the right and left side of the heart are called the _____ and are forceful pumps
Ventricles
The _____ _____ is a thin walled chamber that receives the blood returning from the body tissues. Low in o2 and is carried in the veins leading back to the heart
Right atrium
The ____ ____ ____ brings blood from the head, chest( and arms
Superior vena cava
The ____ ____ receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the lungs
Right ventricle
Blood passes from the ____ ___ into a pulmonary trunk which divides into right and left pulmonary arteries
Right ventricle
Branches of the right and left pulmonary artery’s carry blood to the ____
Branches, lungs
An ___ is a vessel that takes blood from the heart to the tissues
Artery
The ____ ____ receives oxygen rich blood as it returns from the lungs in the pulmonary veins. (Pulmonary veins are colored in red as they are carrying blood high in oxygen content unlike other veins that are typically high in oxygen)
Left atrium
The ____ _____ is the chamber with the thickest wall that pumps highly oxygenated blood to all parts of the body including the lung tissues. This blood goes first to the Aorta, the largest artery then the branching systemic arteries that take blood to the tissues
Left ventricle
The hearts right and left chambers are separated from each other’s by partitions called a ____
Septum
The ______ septum separates the two atria
Interatrial septum
The ____ septum separates the two ventricles
Interventricular septum
There are four one way valves that direct blood through the heart and are located at the entrance and exit of each ventricle.
The entrance valves are called the ______ valves
Atrioventricular valves
There are four one way valves that direct blood through the heart and are located at the entrance and exit of each ventricle.
The exit valves are called the _____ valves and named so because each flap of the valves resemble a half moon
Semilunar valves
The _____ ____ is also known as the tricuspid valve because it has three cusps or flaps that open and close.
When the valves are open blood flows from the right atrium to right ventricle
When the valve is closed blood cannot return to the right atrium but must flow forward into the pulmonary trunk
Right atrioventricular AV valve
The _____ _____ valve is the bicuspid valve referred to as the mitral valve. It has two heavy cusps that permit blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle
When the cusps close the left ventricle contracts preventing blood from returning to the left atrium so it ensures the blood flow into the aorta
Left atrioventricular valve
The right and the left AV valves are attached by means of thin fibrous threads to _____ muscles arising from the walls of the ventricles
Papillary muscles
The function of the papillary muscles (threads) are called the _____ _____ and it is to stabilize the valve flaps when the ventricles contract so that the bloods force will not push the valves up to the atria. They help prevent backflow of the blood when the heart beats
Chordae tendineae
The ____ ____ is a semilunar valve located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk that leads to the lungs
Pulmonary valve
The higher pressure in the pulmonary artery is described as ____ ____, it closes the valve and prevents blood from returning to the right ventricle
Back pressure
The ____ ___ is a semilunar valve located between the left ventricle and the aorta.
When the left ventricle relaxes back pressure closes the aortic valve and prevents backflow of the blood from the aorta into the left ventricle
Aortic valve
Blood passes through the heart twice in making a trip from the hearts right side through the pulmonary circuit to the lungs back to the hearts left side to start on its way through the systemic circuit
Know
____ _____ bring blood back to the left atrium
Pulmonary veins
_____ ____ take blood to the lungs
Right ventricle
The superior and inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus are third vessel that takes blood to the right atrium
Know
Know that the hearts two sides function in unison to pump identical volumes of blood through both circuits at the same time
Know
Only the _____ comes into contact with the blood that flows through the heart chambers
Endocardium
The _____ must have its own blood vessels to provide oxygen and nourishment and to remove waste products
Myocardium
The myocardium and endocardium together form the ____ _____
Coronary circulation.
____ receives blood by coronary circulation
Myocardium
Five major vessels
- Arteries (Red)
- Arterioles (blue)
- Capillaries (blue/red)
- Venules (red)
- Veins (red)
Know
The _____ ____ bring blood back to the body
Left ventricle
The main arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle are the ____ & ____ _____ ___
Right and left coronary arteries
The ____ ___ are the first to branch off to the aorta, Arise just above the chaos of the aortic valve and branch to all regions of the heart muscle. They get blood to the heart muscle
Coronary arteries
A heart muscle contraction begins in the thin walled upper chambers, the atria and is followed by a contraction of the thick muscle of the lower chambers, the ventricles. The active phase is called _____ and is followed by a resting phase called the ___
Systole and diastole
One compete sequence of heart contraction and relaxation is called the ____ ____
Cardiac cycle
_____ valves are closed during atrial systole to prevent blood from flowing backwards from the great vessels into the ventricles
Semilunar valves
The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute is termed the _____ ___
Cardiac output
The ____ ____ is the volume of blood ejected from the ventricle with each best
Stroke volume
The _____ ____ is the number of times the heart beats per minute.
CO=HRX SV
Based on a heart rate of 75 bpm and a stroke volume of 70ml/ beat the average cardiac output for an adult at rest is about 5l/min
Heart rate
The faster the heart rate the faster cardiac output and the slower the heart rate the slower the cardiac output
Know
____ sets the heart rate
Medulla
The ______ ____ is located in the upper wall of the right atrium in a small depression described as a sinus
Sinoatrial node SA
The ____ ____ sets the rate of the heart contractions commonly called the pace maker
SA node
The second node located in the interatrial septum at the bottom of the right atrium called the _____ ___
Atrioventricular node AV node
The _____ _____ also known as the bundle of his, located at the top of the interventricular septum.
Atrioventricular node AV node
_____ _____ travel in a branching network throughout the myocardium of the ventricles
Purkinje fibers
The order in which impulses travel through the heart is
- SA node generates electrical impulses that begin the heart beat
- The waves travel through the myocardium of each atrium causing atria to contract, impulses also travel directly to the AV node by fibers in the wall of the atrium that make up the internodal pathways
- The AV node is stimulated
- The excitation wave travels through the AV bundle then the ventricular walls by the means of bundle branches and purkinje fibers. The ventricular musculature contracts in a wave beginning at the apex and squeezing blood upward toward the aorta and pulmonary artery
Know
A normal heart rhythm originating at the SA node is called ____ ____
Sinus rhythm
The _____ modifies heart rate according to the changing body conditions: stressors, such as excitement and exercise, activate the sympathetic nervous system
ANS
The _____ nerve that supplies the heart is the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X)
Parasympathetic nerve
The heart rate is affected by substances circulating in the blood, including hormones, such as _____,______,&_____
Epinephrine, thyroxine, and K+,Na+, and Ca+ and drugs
What two drugs slow down the heart beat _____&____
Morphine & hydrocodone
______ is a relatively slow heart rate of less than 60 bpm. During rest and sleep, the heart may beat less than 60bpm but the rate usually does not fall below 50bpm
Bradycardia
______ refers to a heart rate of more than 100 bpm. It is normal during exercise or stress, or with excessive caffeine intake but may also occur with certain disorders
Tachycardia
____ ____ is a regular variation in heart rate caused by changes in the rate and depth of breathing. It is a normal phenomenon
Sinus arrhythmia
_____ ____ _____ also called ventricular extrasystole and is a ventricular contraption initiated by the purkinje fibers rather than the SA node and may be caused by caffeine, nicotine, or psychological stress
Premature ventricular contraction PVC
The first heart sound (S1) is the “lub” and is a longer lower pitched sound that occurs at the start of ventricular systole and is made from the closure of AV valves
The second part is the “dub” (S2) is shorter and sharper occurs at the beginning of the ventricular relaxation and caused largely by subset closure of semilunar valves
Know
An abnormal sound is called a ____ and is usually due to faulty valve action
Murmur
An abnormal sound caused by any structural change in the heart or vessels connected with the heart is called an ____ ____
Organic murmur
Certain normal sounds heard while the heart is working may also be described as murmurs such as the sound heard during rapid filling of the ventricles called ____ __
Functional murmurs
The _____ is used to record the electrical activity of the heart as it functions
Electrocardiograph
The _____ ____ corresponds to depolarization of the atria
P wave
The ____ ____ corresponds the depolarization of the ventricles
QRS wave
The ____ ____ shows ventricular repolarization but the atrial repolarization is hidden by the QRS wave
T wave
A _____ is an instrument for examining deep structures with x rays is used to shoe the route taken by the catheter
Fluoroscope
During catheterization due can be injector to the coronary arteries to map vascular damage, a procedure known as ____ ____
Coronary angiography
In ______ also know. As ultrasound cardiography, high frequency sound waves are sent to the heart from a small instrument on the chest surface.
Echocardiography
Movement of the echoes is traced on an electronic instrument is called an _____ and recorded on film
Oscilloscope
The oscilloscope provides info on the size and shape of heart structures and cardiac function and possible heart defects
Know
Some contributing factors to artery disease (non modifiable factors)
- Age
- Gender men have a greater risk than women, women older than 50 years or past menopause have a risk equal to men
- hereditary
- Body type
Know
Risk factors for heart disease can be reduced by modifying factors in ones life style is 1. Smoking (tobacco use) 2. Physical inactivity 3. Weight over ideal increases risk 4. Saturated fat in the diet 5. Hypertension damages heart muscle 6. Diabetes causes damage to small blood vessels 7 individuals suffering from sleep apnea
Know
