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ch 13 Flashcards

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1
Q

A psychotic disorder in which personal, social, and occupational functioning deteriorate as a result of unusual perceptions, odd thoughts, disturbed emotions, and motor abnormalities.

A

schizophrenia

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2
Q

A state in which a person loses contact with reality in key ways.

A

psychosis

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3
Q

how many people (millions) worldwide are affected by schizophrenia?

A

20 million

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4
Q

how many people in the US have schizophrenia?

A

3.2 Million

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5
Q

what percent of people with schizophrenia attempt suicide and what percentage die from it?

A

25%, 5%

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6
Q

On average, how many fewer years do people with schizophrenia live than normal people?

A

10-20 years

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7
Q

what socioeconomic group is schizophrenia more commonly found in?

A

lower socioeconomic groups

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8
Q

the theory that schizophrenia causes its sufferers to fall from a higher to a lower socioeconomic level or to remain poor because they are unable to function effectively

A

downward drift theory

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9
Q

what are the 3 types of symptoms found in schizophrenia?

A

positive symptoms
negative symptoms
psychomotor symptoms

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10
Q

what are positive symptoms?

A

excess of thought, emotion, behavior

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11
Q

what are negative symptoms?

A

deficits of thought, emotion, behavior

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12
Q

what are psychomotor symptoms?

A

unusual movements/ gestures

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13
Q

Symptoms of schizophrenia that seem to be excesses of or bizarre additions to normal thoughts, emotions, or behaviors.

A

positive symptoms

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14
Q

what are some examples of positive symptoms? (5)

A

delusions, disorganized, thinking, heightened perceptions, hallucinations, inappropriate affect

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15
Q

A strange false belief firmly held despite evidence to the contrary.

A

delusions

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16
Q

what are some examples of what people with delusions of persecution might feel?

A

they feel they are being plotted against, spied, slandered, threatend, attacked, or victimized

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17
Q

delusions where people with schizophrenia attach special and personal meaning to the actions of others or to various objects or events

A

delusions of reference

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18
Q

delusions where people with schizophrenia believe themselves to be great inventors, religious saviors or other specially empowered people

A

delusion of grandeur

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19
Q

delusions where people with schizophrenia believe their feelings, thoughts, and actions are being controlled by others

A

delusions of control

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20
Q

A disturbance in the production and organization of thought.

A

formal thought disorders

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21
Q

A common thinking disturbance in schizophrenia, characterized by rapid shifts from one topic of conversation to another. Also known as derailment

A

loose associations

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22
Q

some people with schizophrenia use made up words that typically only to the person using them

A

neologisms

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23
Q

a disorder where people repeat their words over and over again

A

perseveration

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24
Q

what is ‘clang’ in perseveration (the disorder)?

A

a rhyme to express how they feel

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25
Q

research has found that people with schizophrenia have problems in ______ and ______

A

perception and attention

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26
Q

The experiencing of sights, sounds, or other perceptions in the absence of external stimuli.

A

hallucination

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27
Q

what type of hallucination is most common in people with schizophrenia?

A

auditory hallucinations, they hear sounds and voices that seem to come outside of their heads

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28
Q

where does the sound in auditory hallucinations come from?

A

nerve signals in their brains, like the Broca’s area

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29
Q

a type of hallucination that can take the form of tingling, burning, or electric shock sensations

A

Tactile hallucination

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30
Q

a type of hallucination where people feel something is happening inside the body, such as a snake crawling inside one’s stomach

A

somatic hallucinations

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31
Q

a type of hallucination that includes vague perceptions of colors or clouds or distinct visions of people or objects

A

visual hallucinations

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32
Q

a type of hallucination where the person regularly find that their food or drink tastes strange

A

gustatory hallucinations

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33
Q

a type of hallucination where a person smells odors that no one else does, such as the smell of poison or smok

A

olfactory hallucination

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34
Q

how do hallucinations and delusions work together in schizophrenia?

A

they occur together and feed into each other

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35
Q

Displays of emotions that are unsuited to the situation

A

schiaophrenia

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36
Q

Symptoms of schizophrenia that seem to be deficits in normal thought, emotions, or behaviors.

A

negative symptoms

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37
Q

what are examples of negative symptoms?

A

poverty of speech, blunted and flat affect, social withdrawl

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38
Q

A decrease in speech or speech content; a symptom of schizophrenia. Also known as poverty of speech.

A

alogia

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39
Q

what are examples of 2 types of alogia?

A
  1. people who think and say very little
  2. people who say a lot but convey little meaning
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40
Q

a affect in schizophrenia where people display less anger, sadness, joy, and other feelings than most people

A

blunted affect

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41
Q

A marked lack of apparent emotions; a symptom of schizophrenia

A

flat affect

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42
Q

what does flat affect look like on someone’s face?

A

still faces
poor eye contact
monotonous faces

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43
Q

A symptom of schizophrenia marked by apathy and an inability to start or complete a course of action.

A

avolition

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44
Q

Why might people with schizophrenia withdraw from their social environment?

A

they attend to their own ideas and fantasies, and because they are illogical and confused, the distance themselves further from reality

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45
Q

A pattern of extreme psychomotor symptoms, found in some forms of schizophrenia, which may include catatonic stupor, rigidity, or posturing.

A

catatonia

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46
Q

people with this type of catatonia stop responding to their environment, remaining motionless and silent for long stretches of time

A

catatonic stupor

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47
Q

people with this type of catatonia maintain a rigid, upright posture for hours and resist efforts to be moved

A

catatonic rigidity

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48
Q

people with this type of catatonia assuming awkward, bizarre positions for long periods of time

A

catatonic posturing

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49
Q

people with this type of catatonia move excitedly, sometimes wildly waving their arms and legs

A

catatonic excitement

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50
Q

what percent of people with schizophrenia experience catatonia?

A

10%

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51
Q

when does schizophrenia usually first appear?

A

late teens and mid thirties

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52
Q

what are the 3 phases of schizophrenia?

A

prodromal, active, residual

53
Q

what happens during the prodromal phase?

A

person withdraws socially, speak in vague/odd ways, develop strange ideas, express little emotion

54
Q

what happens during the active phase?

A

symptoms become apparent

55
Q

what happens during the residual phase?

A

they return to a prodromal-like level of functioning

56
Q

about ___% or more of patients recover completely from schizophrenia, the majority continue to have at least some residual problems for the rest of their lives

A

25

57
Q

what kind of people are more likely to function well before the disorder?

A

people who functioned quite well before the disorder (had good premorbid functioning); whose initial disorder is triggered by stress, comes on abruptly, or develops during middle age; and who receive early treatment, preferably during the prodromal phase

58
Q

in 80-85% of cases, schizophrenia is dominated by what kind of symptoms? what kind of schizophrenia is this?

A

positive symptoms, Type 1 (excess)

59
Q

in 15-20% of cases, schizophrenia is dominated by what kind of symptoms? what kind of schizophrenia is this?

A

negative symptoms, type 2 (deficit)

60
Q

psychotic disorders all bear a similarity to schizophrenia, they — along with schizophrenia itself — are collectively called ______ _______ _____

A

schizophrenia spectrum disorders

61
Q

which 2 disorder are most similar to schizophrenia in terms of severity and duration?

A

schizophreniform disorder
schizoaffective disorder

62
Q

which perspective has received the most support for schizophrenia?

A

biological

63
Q

people with a biological predisposition will develop schizophrenia only if certain kinds of events or stressors are also present (a type of relationship)

A

diathesis–stress relationship

64
Q

what are some factors that support the fact that there is genetic inheritance of schizophrenia?

A
  1. schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like brain abnormalities are more common among relatives of people with the disorder
  2. identical twins are more at risk fro schizophrenia if one sibling has it vs fraternal twins
  3. biological relatives of adoptees are more likely to develop schizophrenia than their adoptive parents
65
Q

what percent of the general pop developed schizophrenia? what about second-degree relative with the disorder? what about first-degree relatives with the disorder?

A

1%, 3% 10%

66
Q

what biological tests have been run to pinpoint the possible genetic factors of schizophrenia?

A

genetic linkage, molecular biology

67
Q

It is most likely, however, that schizophrenia, like a number of other disorders, is a________ _______, caused by a combination of gene defects

A

polygenic

68
Q

what are 2 biological abnormalities that could be inherited for schizophrenia?

A

biochemical abnormalities and dysfunctional brain circuitry

69
Q

The theory that schizophrenia results from excessive activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine.

A

dopamine hypothesis

70
Q

Drugs that help correct grossly confused or distorted thinking

A

antipsychotic drugs

71
Q

A group of antihistamine drugs that became the first group of effective antipsychotic medications

A

antihistamine

72
Q

Researchers later learned that these early antipsychotic drugs often produce troublesome muscular tremors, symptoms that are identical to the central symptom of ___________ _________, a disabling neurological illness

A

parkinson’s disease

73
Q

people with parkinson’s disease have abnormally high levels of what neurotransmitter?

A

dopamine

74
Q

what does drug L-dopa do?

A

raises the dopamine activity so much that it produces psychosis

75
Q

what is amphetamine psychosis?

A

an amphetamine induced syndrome similar to schizophrenia

76
Q

what type of drugs are phenothiazines and related antipsychotic drugs? Why do they bind to?

A

drugs that bind to dopamine receptors, prevent dopamine from binding there, and so prevent the neurons from firing

phenothiazines bind most strongly to the D-2 receptors

77
Q

A relatively new group of antipsychotic drugs whose biological action is different from that of the first-generation antipsychotic drugs. Also known as atypical antipsychotic drugs.

A

second-generation antipsychotic drugs

78
Q

what is a limitation of the dopamine hypothesis?

A

it does not explain why the new and imporves second gen antipsycotic drugs can also lead users to develop schizophrenia

79
Q

networks in the brain that work together, triggering each other into action and producing particular behaviors, cognitions, or emotions

A

brain structures

80
Q

what are the brain structures related to schizophrenia? (6)

A

prefrontal cortex
hippocampus
amygdala
thalamus
striatum
substania nigra

81
Q

An estimated ____ to ____ percent of people experience one or more psychotic symptoms sometime during their lives

A

13 - 23%

82
Q

what 2 brain structures are hyperactive in people with schizophrenia?

A

substania nigra and hippocampus

83
Q

what brain structure is underactive in people with schizophrenia?

A

prefrontal cortex

84
Q

people with schizophrenia have problems in their brain structures in which the communication between structures is excessive or diminished

A

interconnectivity

85
Q

Where is interconnectivity low in people with schizophrenia? what about high?

A

low: substantia nigra and prefrontal cortex
striatum and thalamus

high: substantia nigra and striatum
thalamus and prefrontal cortex
hippocampus and prefrontal cortex

86
Q

dysfunction of what two brain structures may lead to schizophrenia characterized by positive symptoms?

A

substantia nigra and striatum

87
Q

dysfunctions of what 2 brain structures may be responsible of schizophrenia characterized by negative symptoms?

A

hippocampus and amygdala

88
Q

what is the key difference in the dopamine hypothesis and the brain circuit view of schizophrenia?

A

dopamine is seems as part of a broader circuit dysfunction that can propel people towards schizophrenia rather than the entire reason

89
Q

brain immune cells that help defend against brain infections and inflammation

A

micorglia

90
Q

compared to normal people, what do PET scans reveal about the microglia of people with schizophrenia?

A

microglia are especially active in the brains of people with schizophrenia

91
Q

What might cause the biochemical and structural abnormalities found in many cases of schizophrenia? (5)

A

genetic factors
poor nutrition
fetal development
birth complications
immune reactions
toxins

92
Q

when are an abnormally large amount of people with schizophrenia born?

A

late winter

93
Q

the late winter birth rate among people with schizophrenia is __ to ____% higher than among other people

A

5 - 10

94
Q

what are 2 things the viral theory of schizophrenia suggests?

A
  1. brain abnormalities may result from exposure to viruses before birth
  2. mothers of people with schizophrenia were more likely to have been exposed to the influenza virus during pregnancy than other mothers
95
Q

other studies have found that antibodies to suspicious viruses in the blood of ____% of research participants with schizophrenia

A

40

96
Q

what are the 2 leading psychological perspectives for schizophrenia?

A

psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral

97
Q

who proposed the psychodynamic explanation for schizophrenia involving schizophrenogenic mothers?

A

Frieda Fromm-Reichmann

98
Q

A type of mother — supposedly cold, domineering, and uninterested in the needs of her children — who was once thought to cause schizophrenia in her child

A

schizophrenogenic

99
Q

what did Reichmann’s psychodynamic theory for schizophrenia suggest? (2)

A
  1. cold/unnurturing parents set schizophrenia in motion
  2. mothers of people with this disorder appear to be self-sacrificing but are actually using their children to meet their needs, overprotecting and rejecting, they confuse their children
100
Q

is Reichmann’s psychodynamic theory on schizophrenia supported by research? do today’s psychodynamic theorists accept her theory?

A

receive little research support, no

101
Q

what do self theorists argue about how people develop schizophrenia?

A

biological deficiencies cause people with schizophrenia to develop a fragmented, rather than integrated, self

102
Q

what concepts do each of the explanations of cognitive behavioral perspective of schizophrenia focus on?

A

operant conditioning
misinterpretation

103
Q

the process by which people learn to perform behaviors for which they have been rewarded frequently

A

operant conditioning

104
Q

what is the operant conditioning explanation of people with schizophrenia? (first explain the general operant conditioning explanation to socializing)

A

normal people: are proficient at reading + responding to social cues, those who respond in a socially acceptable way are better to satisfy their emotional needs and read their goals

  1. people with schizophrenia are not being reinforced for their social cues
    - either because of unusual circumstances or inadequate important figures
    thus they focus on irrelevant cues like an object that can reinforce their attention, causing them to repeat bizarre behaviors
105
Q

how is the operant view of schizophrenia viewed today as an explanation for the disorder?

A

at best it is a partial explanation

106
Q

what is a limitation of the operant view of schizophrenia?

A

it is to limited to account for schizophrenic origins and it’s many symptoms

107
Q

what is the misinterpretation explanation for people with schizophrenia? (how it begins, how people respond to it, how this affects the victim)

A
  1. starts by accepting the biological position that schizophrenics are producing strange/ unreal sensations, when individuals attempt to understand their unusual experiences, more features of the disorder emerge
  2. when schizophrenics tell others, others deny it, and the schizophrenics think they are hiding the truth and reject all feedback, developing delusions that they are being persecuted
108
Q

do researchers support the misinterpretation explanation for schizophrenia? if not, what have they found about schizophrenics?

A

not really, they have established that schizophrenics do indeed experience sensory and perceptual problems

109
Q

what factors contribute to schizophrenia according to the sociocultural view?

A

multicultural factors
social labeling
family dysfunction

110
Q

what race group in America receives the most diagnoses for schizophrenia? percentages of them and non-hispanic whites

A

African Americans, 2.1% compared with the 1.4% for non-hispanic whites

111
Q

what two race groups are more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia than non-hispanic whites? why?

A

African Americans and hispanic Americans, may be due to economic disadvantages

112
Q

prevalence of schizophrenia can be up to __ times higher in immigrant groups than native-born groups

A

4

113
Q

what are 3 stressors to immigration that may leave immigrants more vulnerable for developing schizophrenia?

A
  1. stress of relocation
  2. becoming part of an outsider group
  3. being discriminated against
114
Q

what do sociocultural theorists belief about how the social labeling of schizophrenia?

A

society labels people as ‘schizophrenic’ when they fail to conform to certain norms of behavior. Once label is assigned, it becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy

115
Q

go read the book and study the Rosenhan (1973) study, in 13.2 towards the end

A
116
Q

what does research find about the suggestion of the label of schizophrenia and other mental disorders?

A

it has a profound, negative, and stigmatizing impact that influences the development and treatment of the disorder

117
Q

what are 3 characteristics of parents of people with schizophrenia?

A
  1. display more conflict
  2. have more difficulty communication
  3. more critical and over involved with their children
118
Q

The general level of criticism, disapproval, and hostility expressed in a family. People recovering from schizophrenia are considered more likely to relapse if their families rate high in expressed emotion.

A

expressed emotion

119
Q

people trying to recover from schizophrenia are more than ___ times more likely to relapse if they live with a family with high expressed emotions rather than a low one

A

4

120
Q

what is the diathesis-stress relationship proposed by the developmental psychopathy view?

A

people with a biological predisposition to this disorder will develop it further if they experiences significant life stress or other negative events

121
Q

what characteristics have developmental pscyhopathology researchers found in the childhood characteristics of people who have schizophrenia?

A

they tends to be more socially withdrawn, disagreeable, disobedient, more motor difficulties

122
Q

according to developmental psychopathology researchers, what are some experiences that may result in early childhood problems involving schizophrenia?

A

childhood stress
family dysfunction
difficult social interactions

123
Q

Developmental psychopathology researchers have found that dysfunction by the schizophrenia-related brain circuit leads to repeated overreactions by the _______ in the face of stress, leading to the secretion of cortisol

A

HPA axis (Hypothalamic pituitary-adrenal)

124
Q

according to developmental psychopathy researchers, what two factors lead to the development of a dysfunctional immune system? (in the brain, it looks like inflammation)

A

over reactive HPA axis and chronic stress reactions

125
Q

proteins that cause chronic inflammation throughout the brains of people with schizophrenia

A

pro-inflammatory cytokines

126
Q

what is something developmental psychopathy stresses about schizophrenia that other perspectives do not?

A

emphasizes advantages of prevention interventions

127
Q

a type of delusion of false beliefs that they are loved by and in a relationship with the object of their attention

A

erotomanic delusions

128
Q

which perspective has been the most supported by research:
biological, psychological, socialcultural

A

biological

psych 405 exam 4 (3 decks)

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