ch 13 Flashcards
1
Q
A psychotic disorder in which personal, social, and occupational functioning deteriorate as a result of unusual perceptions, odd thoughts, disturbed emotions, and motor abnormalities.
A
schizophrenia
2
Q
A state in which a person loses contact with reality in key ways.
A
psychosis
3
Q
how many people (millions) worldwide are affected by schizophrenia?
A
20 million
4
Q
how many people in the US have schizophrenia?
A
3.2 Million
5
Q
what percent of people with schizophrenia attempt suicide and what percentage die from it?
A
25%, 5%
6
Q
On average, how many fewer years do people with schizophrenia live than normal people?
A
10-20 years
7
Q
what socioeconomic group is schizophrenia more commonly found in?
A
lower socioeconomic groups
8
Q
the theory that schizophrenia causes its sufferers to fall from a higher to a lower socioeconomic level or to remain poor because they are unable to function effectively
A
downward drift theory
9
Q
what are the 3 types of symptoms found in schizophrenia?
A
positive symptoms
negative symptoms
psychomotor symptoms
10
Q
what are positive symptoms?
A
excess of thought, emotion, behavior
11
Q
what are negative symptoms?
A
deficits of thought, emotion, behavior
12
Q
what are psychomotor symptoms?
A
unusual movements/ gestures
13
Q
Symptoms of schizophrenia that seem to be excesses of or bizarre additions to normal thoughts, emotions, or behaviors.
A
positive symptoms
14
Q
what are some examples of positive symptoms? (5)
A
delusions, disorganized, thinking, heightened perceptions, hallucinations, inappropriate affect
15
Q
A strange false belief firmly held despite evidence to the contrary.
A
delusions
16
Q
what are some examples of what people with delusions of persecution might feel?
A
they feel they are being plotted against, spied, slandered, threatend, attacked, or victimized
17
Q
delusions where people with schizophrenia attach special and personal meaning to the actions of others or to various objects or events
A
delusions of reference
18
Q
delusions where people with schizophrenia believe themselves to be great inventors, religious saviors or other specially empowered people
A
delusion of grandeur
19
Q
delusions where people with schizophrenia believe their feelings, thoughts, and actions are being controlled by others
A
delusions of control
20
Q
A disturbance in the production and organization of thought.
A
formal thought disorders
21
Q
A common thinking disturbance in schizophrenia, characterized by rapid shifts from one topic of conversation to another. Also known as derailment
A
loose associations
22
Q
some people with schizophrenia use made up words that typically only to the person using them
A
neologisms
23
Q
a disorder where people repeat their words over and over again
A
perseveration
24
Q
what is ‘clang’ in perseveration (the disorder)?
A
a rhyme to express how they feel
25
research has found that people with schizophrenia have problems in ______ and ______
perception and attention
26
The experiencing of sights, sounds, or other perceptions in the absence of external stimuli.
hallucination
27
what type of hallucination is most common in people with schizophrenia?
auditory hallucinations, they hear sounds and voices that seem to come outside of their heads
28
where does the sound in auditory hallucinations come from?
nerve signals in their brains, like the Broca's area
29
a type of hallucination that can take the form of tingling, burning, or electric shock sensations
Tactile hallucination
30
a type of hallucination where people feel something is happening inside the body, such as a snake crawling inside one’s stomach
somatic hallucinations
31
a type of hallucination that includes vague perceptions of colors or clouds or distinct visions of people or objects
visual hallucinations
32
a type of hallucination where the person regularly find that their food or drink tastes strange
gustatory hallucinations
33
a type of hallucination where a person smells odors that no one else does, such as the smell of poison or smok
olfactory hallucination
34
how do hallucinations and delusions work together in schizophrenia?
they occur together and feed into each other
35
Displays of emotions that are unsuited to the situation
schiaophrenia
36
Symptoms of schizophrenia that seem to be deficits in normal thought, emotions, or behaviors.
negative symptoms
37
what are examples of negative symptoms?
poverty of speech, blunted and flat affect, social withdrawl
38
A decrease in speech or speech content; a symptom of schizophrenia. Also known as poverty of speech.
alogia
39
what are examples of 2 types of alogia?
1. people who think and say very little
2. people who say a lot but convey little meaning
40
a affect in schizophrenia where people display less anger, sadness, joy, and other feelings than most people
blunted affect
41
A marked lack of apparent emotions; a symptom of schizophrenia
flat affect
42
what does flat affect look like on someone's face?
still faces
poor eye contact
monotonous faces
43
A symptom of schizophrenia marked by apathy and an inability to start or complete a course of action.
avolition
44
Why might people with schizophrenia withdraw from their social environment?
they attend to their own ideas and fantasies, and because they are illogical and confused, the distance themselves further from reality
45
A pattern of extreme psychomotor symptoms, found in some forms of schizophrenia, which may include catatonic stupor, rigidity, or posturing.
catatonia
46
people with this type of catatonia stop responding to their environment, remaining motionless and silent for long stretches of time
catatonic stupor
47
people with this type of catatonia maintain a rigid, upright posture for hours and resist efforts to be moved
catatonic rigidity
48
people with this type of catatonia assuming awkward, bizarre positions for long periods of time
catatonic posturing
49
people with this type of catatonia move excitedly, sometimes wildly waving their arms and legs
catatonic excitement
50
what percent of people with schizophrenia experience catatonia?
10%
51
when does schizophrenia usually first appear?
late teens and mid thirties
52
what are the 3 phases of schizophrenia?
prodromal, active, residual
53
what happens during the prodromal phase?
person withdraws socially, speak in vague/odd ways, develop strange ideas, express little emotion
54
what happens during the active phase?
symptoms become apparent
55
what happens during the residual phase?
they return to a prodromal-like level of functioning
56
about ___% or more of patients recover completely from schizophrenia, the majority continue to have at least some residual problems for the rest of their lives
25
57
what kind of people are more likely to function well before the disorder?
people who functioned quite well before the disorder (had good premorbid functioning); whose initial disorder is triggered by stress, comes on abruptly, or develops during middle age; and who receive early treatment, preferably during the prodromal phase
58
in 80-85% of cases, schizophrenia is dominated by what kind of symptoms? what kind of schizophrenia is this?
positive symptoms, Type 1 (excess)
59
in 15-20% of cases, schizophrenia is dominated by what kind of symptoms? what kind of schizophrenia is this?
negative symptoms, type 2 (deficit)
60
psychotic disorders all bear a similarity to schizophrenia, they — along with schizophrenia itself — are collectively called ______ _______ _____
schizophrenia spectrum disorders
61
which 2 disorder are most similar to schizophrenia in terms of severity and duration?
schizophreniform disorder
schizoaffective disorder
62
which perspective has received the most support for schizophrenia?
biological
63
people with a biological predisposition will develop schizophrenia only if certain kinds of events or stressors are also present (a type of relationship)
diathesis–stress relationship
64
what are some factors that support the fact that there is genetic inheritance of schizophrenia?
1. schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like brain abnormalities are more common among relatives of people with the disorder
2. identical twins are more at risk fro schizophrenia if one sibling has it vs fraternal twins
3. biological relatives of adoptees are more likely to develop schizophrenia than their adoptive parents
65
what percent of the general pop developed schizophrenia? what about second-degree relative with the disorder? what about first-degree relatives with the disorder?
1%, 3% 10%
66
what biological tests have been run to pinpoint the possible genetic factors of schizophrenia?
genetic linkage, molecular biology
67
It is most likely, however, that schizophrenia, like a number of other disorders, is a________ _______, caused by a combination of gene defects
polygenic
68
what are 2 biological abnormalities that could be inherited for schizophrenia?
biochemical abnormalities and dysfunctional brain circuitry
69
The theory that schizophrenia results from excessive activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine.
dopamine hypothesis
70
Drugs that help correct grossly confused or distorted thinking
antipsychotic drugs
71
A group of antihistamine drugs that became the first group of effective antipsychotic medications
antihistamine
72
Researchers later learned that these early antipsychotic drugs often produce troublesome muscular tremors, symptoms that are identical to the central symptom of ___________ _________, a disabling neurological illness
parkinson's disease
73
people with parkinson's disease have abnormally high levels of what neurotransmitter?
dopamine
74
what does drug L-dopa do?
raises the dopamine activity so much that it produces psychosis
75
what is amphetamine psychosis?
an amphetamine induced syndrome similar to schizophrenia
76
what type of drugs are phenothiazines and related antipsychotic drugs? Why do they bind to?
drugs that bind to dopamine receptors, prevent dopamine from binding there, and so prevent the neurons from firing
phenothiazines bind most strongly to the D-2 receptors
77
A relatively new group of antipsychotic drugs whose biological action is different from that of the first-generation antipsychotic drugs. Also known as atypical antipsychotic drugs.
second-generation antipsychotic drugs
78
what is a limitation of the dopamine hypothesis?
it does not explain why the new and imporves second gen antipsycotic drugs can also lead users to develop schizophrenia
79
networks in the brain that work together, triggering each other into action and producing particular behaviors, cognitions, or emotions
brain structures
80
what are the brain structures related to schizophrenia? (6)
prefrontal cortex
hippocampus
amygdala
thalamus
striatum
substania nigra
81
An estimated ____ to ____ percent of people experience one or more psychotic symptoms sometime during their lives
13 - 23%
82
what 2 brain structures are hyperactive in people with schizophrenia?
substania nigra and hippocampus
83
what brain structure is underactive in people with schizophrenia?
prefrontal cortex
84
people with schizophrenia have problems in their brain structures in which the communication between structures is excessive or diminished
interconnectivity
85
Where is interconnectivity low in people with schizophrenia? what about high?
low: substantia nigra and prefrontal cortex
striatum and thalamus
high: substantia nigra and striatum
thalamus and prefrontal cortex
hippocampus and prefrontal cortex
86
dysfunction of what two brain structures may lead to schizophrenia characterized by positive symptoms?
substantia nigra and striatum
87
dysfunctions of what 2 brain structures may be responsible of schizophrenia characterized by negative symptoms?
hippocampus and amygdala
88
what is the key difference in the dopamine hypothesis and the brain circuit view of schizophrenia?
dopamine is seems as part of a broader circuit dysfunction that can propel people towards schizophrenia rather than the entire reason
89
brain immune cells that help defend against brain infections and inflammation
micorglia
90
compared to normal people, what do PET scans reveal about the microglia of people with schizophrenia?
microglia are especially active in the brains of people with schizophrenia
91
What might cause the biochemical and structural abnormalities found in many cases of schizophrenia? (5)
genetic factors
poor nutrition
fetal development
birth complications
immune reactions
toxins
92
when are an abnormally large amount of people with schizophrenia born?
late winter
93
the late winter birth rate among people with schizophrenia is __ to ____% higher than among other people
5 - 10
94
what are 2 things the viral theory of schizophrenia suggests?
1. brain abnormalities may result from exposure to viruses before birth
2. mothers of people with schizophrenia were more likely to have been exposed to the influenza virus during pregnancy than other mothers
95
other studies have found that antibodies to suspicious viruses in the blood of ____% of research participants with schizophrenia
40
96
what are the 2 leading psychological perspectives for schizophrenia?
psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral
97
who proposed the psychodynamic explanation for schizophrenia involving schizophrenogenic mothers?
Frieda Fromm-Reichmann
98
A type of mother — supposedly cold, domineering, and uninterested in the needs of her children — who was once thought to cause schizophrenia in her child
schizophrenogenic
99
what did Reichmann's psychodynamic theory for schizophrenia suggest? (2)
1. cold/unnurturing parents set schizophrenia in motion
2. mothers of people with this disorder appear to be self-sacrificing but are actually using their children to meet their needs, overprotecting and rejecting, they confuse their children
100
is Reichmann's psychodynamic theory on schizophrenia supported by research? do today's psychodynamic theorists accept her theory?
receive little research support, no
101
what do self theorists argue about how people develop schizophrenia?
biological deficiencies cause people with schizophrenia to develop a fragmented, rather than integrated, self
102
what concepts do each of the explanations of cognitive behavioral perspective of schizophrenia focus on?
operant conditioning
misinterpretation
103
the process by which people learn to perform behaviors for which they have been rewarded frequently
operant conditioning
104
what is the operant conditioning explanation of people with schizophrenia? (first explain the general operant conditioning explanation to socializing)
normal people: are proficient at reading + responding to social cues, those who respond in a socially acceptable way are better to satisfy their emotional needs and read their goals
1. people with schizophrenia are not being reinforced for their social cues
- either because of unusual circumstances or inadequate important figures
thus they focus on irrelevant cues like an object that can reinforce their attention, causing them to repeat bizarre behaviors
105
how is the operant view of schizophrenia viewed today as an explanation for the disorder?
at best it is a partial explanation
106
what is a limitation of the operant view of schizophrenia?
it is to limited to account for schizophrenic origins and it's many symptoms
107
what is the misinterpretation explanation for people with schizophrenia? (how it begins, how people respond to it, how this affects the victim)
1. starts by accepting the biological position that schizophrenics are producing strange/ unreal sensations, when individuals attempt to understand their unusual experiences, more features of the disorder emerge
2. when schizophrenics tell others, others deny it, and the schizophrenics think they are hiding the truth and reject all feedback, developing delusions that they are being persecuted
108
do researchers support the misinterpretation explanation for schizophrenia? if not, what have they found about schizophrenics?
not really, they have established that schizophrenics do indeed experience sensory and perceptual problems
109
what factors contribute to schizophrenia according to the sociocultural view?
multicultural factors
social labeling
family dysfunction
110
what race group in America receives the most diagnoses for schizophrenia? percentages of them and non-hispanic whites
African Americans, 2.1% compared with the 1.4% for non-hispanic whites
111
what two race groups are more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia than non-hispanic whites? why?
African Americans and hispanic Americans, may be due to economic disadvantages
112
prevalence of schizophrenia can be up to __ times higher in immigrant groups than native-born groups
4
113
what are 3 stressors to immigration that may leave immigrants more vulnerable for developing schizophrenia?
1. stress of relocation
2. becoming part of an outsider group
3. being discriminated against
114
what do sociocultural theorists belief about how the social labeling of schizophrenia?
society labels people as 'schizophrenic' when they fail to conform to certain norms of behavior. Once label is assigned, it becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy
115
go read the book and study the Rosenhan (1973) study, in 13.2 towards the end
116
what does research find about the suggestion of the label of schizophrenia and other mental disorders?
it has a profound, negative, and stigmatizing impact that influences the development and treatment of the disorder
117
what are 3 characteristics of parents of people with schizophrenia?
1. display more conflict
2. have more difficulty communication
3. more critical and over involved with their children
118
The general level of criticism, disapproval, and hostility expressed in a family. People recovering from schizophrenia are considered more likely to relapse if their families rate high in expressed emotion.
expressed emotion
119
people trying to recover from schizophrenia are more than ___ times more likely to relapse if they live with a family with high expressed emotions rather than a low one
4
120
what is the diathesis-stress relationship proposed by the developmental psychopathy view?
people with a biological predisposition to this disorder will develop it further if they experiences significant life stress or other negative events
121
what characteristics have developmental pscyhopathology researchers found in the childhood characteristics of people who have schizophrenia?
they tends to be more socially withdrawn, disagreeable, disobedient, more motor difficulties
122
according to developmental psychopathology researchers, what are some experiences that may result in early childhood problems involving schizophrenia?
childhood stress
family dysfunction
difficult social interactions
123
Developmental psychopathology researchers have found that dysfunction by the schizophrenia-related brain circuit leads to repeated overreactions by the _______ in the face of stress, leading to the secretion of cortisol
HPA axis (Hypothalamic pituitary-adrenal)
124
according to developmental psychopathy researchers, what two factors lead to the development of a dysfunctional immune system? (in the brain, it looks like inflammation)
over reactive HPA axis and chronic stress reactions
125
proteins that cause chronic inflammation throughout the brains of people with schizophrenia
pro-inflammatory cytokines
126
what is something developmental psychopathy stresses about schizophrenia that other perspectives do not?
emphasizes advantages of prevention interventions
127
a type of delusion of false beliefs that they are loved by and in a relationship with the object of their attention
erotomanic delusions
128
which perspective has been the most supported by research:
biological, psychological, socialcultural
biological
