Ch. 12 Schizophrenia Flashcards
psychosis
state in which a person loses contact with reality
psychosis
ability to perceive and respond to the environment is significantly disturbed; functioning is impaired
symptoms of psychosis
hallucinations
hallucinations
false sensory perceptions
delusions
false beliefs
most psychoses appear in the form of schizophrenia
true
hallucinogens of psychosis
substance induced or caused by a brain injury
schizophrenia
psychotic disorder in which persona, social, and occupational functioning deterioration as a result from unusual perception, odd thoughts, disturbed emotions, and motor abnormalities
what group is schizophrenia more frequently found in?
lower social economic status (SES) groups
what disorder is caused by stress of poverty?
downward shift?
downward shift theory
causes victims to fall into lower social levels and remain at lower levels
schizophrenia is equally distributed between _____ and _____.
men and women
average onset age of schizophrenia is
20s
True or False: schizophrenia appears in all socioeconomic groups, but is more frequent among the lower SES groups
true
schizophrenia key features
psychotic symptoms
schizophrenia duration
6 months or more
brief psychotic disorder key features
psychotic symptoms
brief psychotic disorder duration
less than 1 month
schizophreniform disorder key features
psychotic symptoms
schizophreniform disorder duration
1 to 6 months
schizoaffective disorder key features
symptoms of both schizophrenia and major depressive episode or a manic episode
schizoaffective disorder duration
6 or more months
delusional disorder key features
persistent delusions that are not bizarre and not due to schizophrenia
delusional disorder duration
1 month or more
what are the main differences between schizophrenia, brief psychotic disorder, and schizophrenia?
duration period
positive symptoms
excesses of or bizarre additions to normal thoughts, emotions, and behaviors
negative symptoms
deficits in normal thoughts, emotions, and behaviors
psychomotor symptoms
slow, awkward movements, repeated grimaces, and odd gestures; catatonia
schizophrenia positive symptoms must have
delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech
about ___% of people with schizophrenia experience positive symptoms
80%
how many people experience negative symptoms?
15-25%
positive symptoms
delusions
delusions of persecution
believe they are being conspired against, cheated, spied on, followed, poisoned/drugged
believe they are being followed by someone; misinterpret things like people walking behind them, making eye contact
example of delusions of persecution
delusions of reference
attach special meaning to words or actions of others
believe they are being talked about on TV
example of delusions of reference
delusions of grandeur
having some great (unrecognized) talent/insight of having made some important discovery
believe they are a reincarnation of Jesus Christ, or have the ability to speak to god
example of delusions of grandeur
delusions of control
believe thoughts are being controlled by other people
believe that aliens or hi-tech organizations are able to make them think a certain way
example of delusions of control
positive schizophrenic symptom
hallucinations
Hightened perception
people may feel that their senses are being flooded by sights/sounds, making it possible to attend anything
perceptions in the absence of external stimuli
auditory, factile, visual, gustatory
what is shown on a brain scan (PET) of schizophrenia patients?
hightened activity found in the Broca’s area
Broca’s area
a brain region that helps people produce speech
auditory cortex
helps people hear sounds
people that are hallucinating seem to hear sounds that are produced by:
their own brains but their brains cannot recognize that the sounds are actually coming from within
what does perception involve?
5 senses
hallucinations
sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of external stimuli
they perceive that something is there when it really is not
example of hallucinations
what is the most common hallucination?
auditory
what can hallucinations involve from the other senses
tactile, somatic, visual, gustatory, olfactory
positive symptoms
disorganized thinking and speech
disorganized thinking and speech
derailment (unclear/confusing)
derailment
speech problem brought on by schizophrenia individuals jumping to different ideas
the problem is insects. my brother used to collect insects. He’s now a man, 5’10. You know, 10 is my favorite number; I also like to dance, draw and watch TV
example of derailment
neologisms
made up words
I got so angry I picked up a dish and threw it at the geshinker
example of neologisms
presevation
patients repeat their words and statements again and again, despite the absence or cessation of the stimulus
two days…two days…two days
example of presevation
clang (rhymes)
rhyming words in a noncoherant way
how are you? well, hell, its well to tell.
how’s the weather? so hot you know it runs on a cat
clang example
negative symptoms
poverty of speech
another word for poverty of speech is
alogia
alogia
a decrease in speech or speech content
what is a logia a symptom of?
schizophrenia
alogia is a reduction of what? (2)
quantity and quality
quantity
may speak infrequently
quality
may say a lot but covey little meaning
constricted affect
show less emotion and eye contact than most people
blunted affect
immobile, expressionless face
loss of violation
motivation or directness
loss of violation
feeling drained of energy and interest in normal goals, inability to start/follow through on a course of action, ambivalence
ambivalence
conflicted feelings about most things
psychomotor symptoms
awkward movements, repeated grimaces and odd gestures
catatonia
extreme psychomotor symptoms are collectively called
catatonia
a pattern of extreme psychomotor symptoms
behaviors of catatonia
stupor, rigity, posturing, and excitement
stupor
state of near unconsciousness
psychomotor movements have a magical quality (T/F?)
true; different
tx
treatment
biological views: (2)
heredity and genetic factors: diathesis-stress perspective
diathesis-stress perspective
a person has a genetic predisposition (diathesis) for the disorder, which is triggered by later exposure to extreme stress
biochemical abnormalities
dopamine hypothesis
dopamine hypothesis
certain neurons using dopamine fires too often
why is dopamine hypothesis supported?
antipsychotics manage dopamine and are most effective treatment
problems with dopamine hypothesis
more than just dopamine is responsible for schizophrenia (hightening from low to high). other neurotransmitters are involved
identical twin and offspring of one schizophrenia parents
inherited
developmental psychopathology view
starts with genetic predisposition
can lead to schizophrenia if individuals experience 3 points:
- social labelling/self-fulfilling prophecy
- significant life stressors (sociocultural disparities)
- difficult family interactions (stress high expressed emotions)
sociocultural disparities
low SES, racial/gender discrimination, stress/poverty stress factor
labelling
society labels people who fail to conform to certain norms of behavior
self-fulfilling prophecy
once assigned with a society label, it becomes a _______.
family stress: parents of people with schizophrenia often display 3 points:
- display more conflict
- have more difficulty communicating with one another
- more critical of and over involved with their children than other parents
what can family stress cause?
significant stress
individuals recovering from schizophrenia are how many times more likely to relapse if they live with significant family stress?
4x
institutional care in the past: 1793:
move from asylums toward large mental hospitals
1793: moral treatment
with sympathy and kindness
public mental hospitals (state hospitals) were used for patients who couldn’t?
afford care
institutional care in the past: 1955
overcrowding/understaffing created dramatic changes
1955: treatment used
restraints, isolation, and punishment
1955: back wards (human warehouses)
straitjackets, handcuffs; labtomoy
Milieu therapy
creating a social climate that promotes productive activity, self-respected, and individual responsibility
where did residents of milieu therapy stay?
therapeutic community of respect, support, and openness
token economy
systematic use of operant conditioning techniques used in hospital wards to change patient behaviors
in a token economy, how were patients rewarded for acceptable behavior?
tokens
operant conditioning
reinforcement positive behaviors
1950
antipsychotic drugs discovered
antihistamines
drugs that treated allergies and calmed patients undergoing surgery
what was the first generation of antipsychotic drugs?
antihistamines
neuroleptic drugs
cause neuroleptic symptoms
neuroleptic drugs are also called
1st generation antipsychotic drugs
neuroleptic antipsychotic drugs definition
produced undesired movement effects similar to symptoms of neurological diseases
neuroleptic drugs is an example of what disease?
Parkinson’s disease
2nd generation of antipsychotic drugs are _____
more effective and have less unwanted side effects
psychotherapy: cognitive-behavioral therapies
hallucination reinterpretation and acceptance
hallucinations reinterpretation
therapists help change how clients views and react to their hallucinations
sociocultural therapy
addresses social and interpersonal difficulties: practical advice and problem solving
sociocultural therapy virtual reality:
the results of the studies suggest that confronting one’s hallucinations in a virtual world can help some people with schizophrenia
social therapy
helping clients function better within the real world
Treatments: acute stage
very early stage, 1st episodes/relapses (lower doses)
Treatments: acute stage goal
reduce psychotic thoughts and behaviors
