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Ch. 12 - Basics of Chemistry > Ch. 12 - Basics of Chemistry > Flashcards

Ch. 12 - Basics of Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

acidic solution

A

A solution that has a pH below 7.0 (neutral).

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2
Q

alkaline solution

A

A solution that has a pH above 7.0 (neutral).

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3
Q

alkalis

AL-kuh-lyz

A

Also known as bases; compounds that react with acids to form salts.

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4
Q

alkanolamines

al-kan-oh-LAH-mynz

A

Alkaline substances used to neutralize acids or raise the pH of many hair products.

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5
Q

alpha hydroxy acids

al-FAH Hy-drok-see AS-udz

A

Abbreviated AHAs; acids derived from plants (mostly fruit) that are often used to exfoliate the skin.

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6
Q

ammonia

uh-MOH-nee-uh

A

Colorless gas with a pungent odor that is composed of hydrogen and nitrogen.

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7
Q

anion

An-eye-on

A

An ion with a negative electrical charge.

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8
Q

atoms

A

The smallest chemical components (often called particles) of an element; structures that make up the element and have the same properties of the element.

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9
Q

cation

KAT-eye-on

A

An ion with a positive electrical charge.

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10
Q

chemical change

A

A change in the chemical composition or make-up of a substance.

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11
Q

chemical properties

A

Characteristics that can only be determined by a chemical reaction and a chemical change in the substance.

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12
Q

chemistry

A

Science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of matter and how matter changes under different conditions.

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13
Q

combustion

kum-BUS-chun

A

Rapid oxidation of a substance accompanied by the production of heat and light.

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14
Q

compound molecules

KAHM-pownd MAHL-uh-kyools

A

Also known as compounds; a chemical combination of two or more atoms of different elements in definite (fixed) proportions.

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15
Q

electrons

A

Subatomic particles with a negative charge.

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16
Q

element

A

The simplest form of chemical matter; an element cannot be broken down into a simpler substance without a loss of identity.

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17
Q

elemental molecule

eL-uh-men-tul MAHL-uh-kyool

A

Molecule containing two or more atoms of the same element in definite (fixed) proportions.

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18
Q

emulsifier

ee-MUL-suh-fy-ur

A

An ingredient that brings two normally incompatible materials together and binds them into a uniform and fairly stable blend.

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19
Q

emulsion

ee-MUL-shun

A

An unstable physical mixture of two or more immiscible substances (substances that normally will not stay blended) plus a special ingredient called an emulsifier.

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20
Q

exothermic reactions

ek-soh-THUR-mik ree-AK-shunz

A

Chemical reactions that release a significant amount of heat.

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21
Q

glycerin

gLIS-ur-in

A

Sweet, colorless, oily substance used as a solvent and as a moisturizer in skin and body creams.

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22
Q

glycolic acid

A

An alpha hydroxy acid used in exfoliation and to lower the pH of products.

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23
Q

immiscible

im-IS-uh-bul

A

Liquids that are not capable of being mixed together to form stable solutions.

24
Q

inorganic chemistry

A

The study of substances that do not contain the element carbon, but may contain the element hydrogen.

25
Q

ion

eye-on

A

An atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge.

26
Q

ionization

eye-on-ih-ZAy-shun

A

The separation of an atom or molecule into positive and negative ions.

27
Q

lipophilic

ly-puh-FIL-ik

A

Having an affinity for or an attraction to fat and oils (oil-loving).

28
Q

logarithm

LOg-ah-rhythm

A

Multiples of 10.

29
Q

matter

A

Any substance that occupies space and has mass (weight).

30
Q

miscible

MIS-uh-bul

A

Liquids that are mutually soluble, meaning that they can be mixed together to form stable solutions.

31
Q

molecule

MAHL-uh-kyool

A

A chemical combination of two or more atoms in definite (fixed) proportions.

32
Q

neutrons

A

Subatomic particles with no charge.

33
Q

oil-in-water emulsion

A

Abbreviated O/W emulsion; oil droplets emulsified in water.

34
Q

organic chemistry

A

The study of substances that contain the element carbon.

35
Q

oxidation

ahk-sih-DAy-shun

A

A chemical reaction that combines a substance with oxygen to produce an oxide.

36
Q

oxidation–reduction

A

Also known as redox (ree-DOCS); a chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced (by losing oxygen) and the reducing agent is oxidized (by gaining oxygen).

37
Q

oxidizing agent

A

Substance that releases oxygen.

38
Q

pH

A

The abbreviation used for potential hydrogen. pH represents the quantity of hydrogen ions.

39
Q

pH scale

A

A measure of the acidity and alkalinity of a substance; the pH scale has a range of 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. A pH below 7 is an acidic solution; a pH above 7 is an alkaline solution.

40
Q

physical change

A

A change in the form or physical properties of a substance without a chemical reaction or the creation of a new substance.

41
Q

physical mixture

A

A physical combination of matter in any proportion.

42
Q

physical properties

A

Characteristics that can be determined without a chemical reaction and that do not cause a chemical change in the substance.

43
Q

protons

A

Subatomic particles with a positive charge.

44
Q

pure substance

A

A chemical combination of matter in definite (fixed) proportions.

45
Q

reducing agent

A

A substance that adds hydrogen to a chemical compound or subtracts oxygen from the compound.

46
Q

silicones

SIL-ih-kohnz

A

Special type of oil used in hair conditioners, water-resistant lubricants for the skin, and nail polish dryers.

47
Q

solute

SAHL-yoot

A

The substance that is dissolved in a solution.

48
Q

solution

A

A stable physical mixture of two or more substances.

49
Q

solvent

A

The substance that dissolves the solute and makes a solution.

50
Q

states of matter

A

The three different physical forms of matter: solid, liquid, and gas.

51
Q

surfactants

sur-FAK-tants

A

A contraction of surface active agents; substances that allow oil and water to mix, or emulsify.

52
Q

suspensions

A

Unstable physical mixtures of undissolved particles in a liquid.

53
Q

thioglycolic acid

thy-oh-gLy-kuh-lik AS-ud

A

A colorless liquid or white crystals with a strong unpleasant odor that is used in permanent waving solutions

54
Q

volatile alcohols

A

Alcohols that evaporate easily.

55
Q

volatile organic compounds

A

Abbreviated VOCs; compounds that contain carbon (organic) and evaporate very easily (volatile).

56
Q

water-in-oil emulsion

A

Abbreviated W/O emulsion; water droplets emulsified in oil.

Ch. 12 - Basics of Chemistry (1 decks)

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