Ch. 12

Question 1

Transfer of learning

Answer 1

The process by which learning a movement task under one set of conditions influences the performance of a subsequent movement task under the same or different conditions.

Question 2

Why does TRANSFER occur?

Answer 2

Identical elements theory

Transfer depends on the extent to which the training and transfer tasks shared identical elements.

Limitation: what are these “elements”?

Question 3

Extent of Transfer

Answer 3

Transfer-appropriate processing:

Transfer is not a just a function of the similarity between training and transfer tasks and conditions but also the similarity of the goals and cognitive processing between them.

Question 4

Direction of Transfer

Answer 4

Positive Transfer
Negative Transfer
Zero Transfer

Question 5

Positive Transfer

Answer 5

training task enhances performance of transfer task.

Question 6

Negative Transfer

Answer 6

training task decreases performance of transfer task.

Question 7

Zero Transfer

Answer 7

training task has no effect on performance of transfer task.

Question 8

Types of Transfer

Answer 8

Vertical Transfer (within-task/intratask)

Lateral Transfer (task-to-task/intertask)

Question 9

Vertical Transfer

Answer 9

(within-task/intratask)

Part-to-whole learning

• Training “builds up” to transfer task

Question 10

Lateral Transfer

Answer 10

(task-to-task/intertask)

Difficulty of the task
Better transfer from difficult to easy compared to easy to difficult.
Best if training at same level as transfer.
Speed-accuracy
Emphasize both in training for best transfer.
Bilateral transfer
Cognitive learning explanation
Motor program explanation
Motor outflow explanation