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ch 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell division

A

the continuity of life ( based on the reproduction of cell/ cell division)

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2
Q

multicellular organisms depend on cell division for

A
  • development from a fertilized cell
  • growth
  • repair
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3
Q

asexual reproduction

A

single celled organism reproduce by simple cell division/ there is no fertilization of an egg by a sperm

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4
Q

sexual reproduction

A

requires fertilization of an egg by a sperm using a special type of cell division using meiosis (special type of cell division)

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5
Q

eukaryotic chromosomes

A

consist of chromatin (DNA +protein) that condense during division

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6
Q

chromatin

A

a complex of DNA and proteins that condenses during cell division

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7
Q

somatic cells (in animals)

A

have two sets of chromosomes

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8
Q

gametes (in animals)

A

have one set of chromosomes

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9
Q

in preparation for cell division…

A

DNA is replicated and the chromosomes condense

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10
Q

each duplicated chromosome has…

A

two sister chromatids that separate during cell division

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11
Q

Eukaryotic cell division consists of

A
  • Mitosis (the division of the nucleus)
  • Cytokines ( the division of the cytoplasm)
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12
Q

In meiosis..

A

sex cells are produced after a reduction in chromosome number

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13
Q

Cell cycle consists of …

A
  • the mitotic phase
    -interphase
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14
Q

The interphase is divided into 3 subphases

A
  • G1: cell spends most of it life in phase 1
  • S phase: DNA synthesis phase
  • G2 phase: preparation phase for mitosis
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15
Q

G1 phase

A

cell growth

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16
Q

S phase

A

DNA synthesis

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17
Q

G2 phase

A

preparation for mitosis

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18
Q

the mitotic phase is made up of

A

-mitosis
- cytokinesis

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19
Q

Mitosis consists of five distinct phases

A
  • Prophase
  • Prometaphase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
    -Telophase
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20
Q

G 2 of interphase

A

preparation for mitosis

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21
Q

Prophase

A
  • chromosomes condense
  • nucleoli disapprears
    -mitotic spindle begins to form
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22
Q

Prometaphase

A
  • nuclear envelope breaks down
  • chromosomes develop kinetochore
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23
Q

Metaphase

A
  • chromosomes lineup in the center of the cell at metaphase plate
24
Q

Anaphase

A
  • sister chromatids split and move to opposite poles
  • cell elongates in preparation for cytokinesis
25
Telophase
- nuclei form in the cells - nuclear membran reforms - chromosomes become less dense - spindle microtubules breakdown - cytokinesis begins
26
what is the mitotic spindle
an apparatus of mircotubules that controls chromosome movement during mitosis
27
when does mitotic spindle occur
forms during propahse
28
where do the mitotic spindle come from
the spindle come from the centrosomes - created from cytoskeleton microtubules
29
kinetochore
protein structure associated with DNA at the centromemere
30
in anaphase
sister chromatids separte and move along the kinetochore microtubules toward opposite ends of the cell.
31
In telophase
genetically identical daughter nuclei form at opposite ends of the cell
32
in animal cells, cytokinesis occurs by
a process known as cleavage, that form a cleavage furrow
33
what happened in plant cells during cytokinesis
a cell plate forms
34
Mitosis in a plant cell has 5 stages
- prophase - prometaphase - metaphase - anaphase - telophase
35
prophase in plant cell
- chromatin condenses - nucleolus begins to disappear - mitotic spindle starts to form
36
prometaphase in plant cell
- we see discrete chromosomes : that consist of two identical sister chromatids -nuclear envelop will break
37
metaphase in plant cell
-spindle is complete -chromosomes attached to microtubules at kinetochores are all at the metaphase plate
38
anaphase in plant cell
- chromatids of each chromosome have separated - the daughter chromosomes are moving to the ends to the cell as the kintochore microtubule shorten.
39
telophase in plant cell
- daughter nuclei are forming - cytokinesis started - cell plate that divide the cytoplasm into two is growing towards the perimeter of the parent cell
40
what happens during cell division in prokaryotes
- bacterial chromosome replicates - two daughter chromosomes actively move apart -replication and separation of DNA
41
the cell cycle is regulated by
a molecular control system
42
the frequency of cell division varies with
the type of cell
43
cell cycle difference result from
regulation at the molecular level
44
sequential events of the cell cycle are directed by
a distinct cell cycle control system which is like a clock
44
there are 4 major checkpoints in the cell cycle
- G1 - Synthesis - G2 - Mpf
45
two types of regulatory proteins are involved in cell cycle control
- cyclins - protein kinases
46
G1 is cell cycle
- conditions in the cell favor degradation of cyclin - the Cdk component of the Mpf is recycled
47
protein kinases
enzymes involved in activating or inactivating proteins by phosphorylating them
48
Synthesis in cell cycle
- begins in late S phase and continues through G2 - cyclin molecules + recycles Cdk moles provide enough molecules of Mpf to pass the G2 checkpoint and initiate mitosis
49
Mpf in cell cycle
- promotes mitosis by phosphorylating various proteins - peaks during metaphase
50
G1 in cell cycle
- cell enters G1 phase as Mpf is degraded and terminates the M phase during anaphase
51
Phosphorylation cascade
1. Cylin accumulates in G2 2. Cyclin combines with Cdk forming active Mpf 3. Mpf is invloed in phophorylation reactions, the resultant proteins initiate mitosis
52
in density- dependent inhibition
crowded cells stops dividing
53
cancer cells
exhibit neither density- dependent inhibition nor anchorage dependence
54
animal cell exhibit anchorage dependence which means ...
they must be attached to a substratum to divide
55
cancer cells do not...
respond normally to the body's control mechanisms and form tumors
56

bio ch 12 (3 decks)

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