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bio ch 12 > ch 12 > Flashcards

ch 12 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell division

A

the continuity of life ( based on the reproduction of cell/ cell division)

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2
Q

multicellular organisms depend on cell division for

A
  • development from a fertilized cell
  • growth
  • repair
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3
Q

asexual reproduction

A

single celled organism reproduce by simple cell division/ there is no fertilization of an egg by a sperm

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4
Q

sexual reproduction

A

requires fertilization of an egg by a sperm using a special type of cell division using meiosis (special type of cell division)

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5
Q

eukaryotic chromosomes

A

consist of chromatin (DNA +protein) that condense during division

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6
Q

chromatin

A

a complex of DNA and proteins that condenses during cell division

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7
Q

somatic cells (in animals)

A

have two sets of chromosomes

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8
Q

gametes (in animals)

A

have one set of chromosomes

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9
Q

in preparation for cell division…

A

DNA is replicated and the chromosomes condense

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10
Q

each duplicated chromosome has…

A

two sister chromatids that separate during cell division

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11
Q

Eukaryotic cell division consists of

A
  • Mitosis (the division of the nucleus)
  • Cytokines ( the division of the cytoplasm)
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12
Q

In meiosis..

A

sex cells are produced after a reduction in chromosome number

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13
Q

Cell cycle consists of …

A
  • the mitotic phase
    -interphase
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14
Q

The interphase is divided into 3 subphases

A
  • G1: cell spends most of it life in phase 1
  • S phase: DNA synthesis phase
  • G2 phase: preparation phase for mitosis
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15
Q

G1 phase

A

cell growth

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16
Q

S phase

A

DNA synthesis

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17
Q

G2 phase

A

preparation for mitosis

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18
Q

the mitotic phase is made up of

A

-mitosis
- cytokinesis

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19
Q

Mitosis consists of five distinct phases

A
  • Prophase
  • Prometaphase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
    -Telophase
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20
Q

G 2 of interphase

A

preparation for mitosis

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21
Q

Prophase

A
  • chromosomes condense
  • nucleoli disapprears
    -mitotic spindle begins to form
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22
Q

Prometaphase

A
  • nuclear envelope breaks down
  • chromosomes develop kinetochore
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23
Q

Metaphase

A
  • chromosomes lineup in the center of the cell at metaphase plate
24
Q

Anaphase

A
  • sister chromatids split and move to opposite poles
  • cell elongates in preparation for cytokinesis
25
Q

Telophase

A
  • nuclei form in the cells
  • nuclear membran reforms
  • chromosomes become less dense
  • spindle microtubules breakdown
  • cytokinesis begins
26
Q

what is the mitotic spindle

A

an apparatus of mircotubules that controls chromosome movement during mitosis

27
Q

when does mitotic spindle occur

A

forms during propahse

28
Q

where do the mitotic spindle come from

A

the spindle come from the centrosomes
- created from cytoskeleton microtubules

29
Q

kinetochore

A

protein structure associated with DNA at the centromemere

30
Q

in anaphase

A

sister chromatids separte and move along the kinetochore microtubules toward opposite ends of the cell.

31
Q

In telophase

A

genetically identical daughter nuclei form at opposite ends of the cell

32
Q

in animal cells, cytokinesis occurs by

A

a process known as cleavage, that form a cleavage furrow

33
Q

what happened in plant cells during cytokinesis

A

a cell plate forms

34
Q

Mitosis in a plant cell has 5 stages

A
  • prophase
  • prometaphase
  • metaphase
  • anaphase
  • telophase
35
Q

prophase in plant cell

A
  • chromatin condenses
  • nucleolus begins to disappear
  • mitotic spindle starts to form
36
Q

prometaphase in plant cell

A
  • we see discrete chromosomes : that consist of two identical sister chromatids
    -nuclear envelop will break
37
Q

metaphase in plant cell

A

-spindle is complete
-chromosomes attached to microtubules at kinetochores are all at the metaphase plate

38
Q

anaphase in plant cell

A
  • chromatids of each chromosome have separated
  • the daughter chromosomes are moving to the ends to the cell as the kintochore microtubule shorten.
39
Q

telophase in plant cell

A
  • daughter nuclei are forming
  • cytokinesis started
  • cell plate that divide the cytoplasm into two is growing towards the perimeter of the parent cell
40
Q

what happens during cell division in prokaryotes

A
  • bacterial chromosome replicates
  • two daughter chromosomes actively move apart
    -replication and separation of DNA
41
Q

the cell cycle is regulated by

A

a molecular control system

42
Q

the frequency of cell division varies with

A

the type of cell

43
Q

cell cycle difference result from

A

regulation at the molecular level

44
Q

sequential events of the cell cycle are directed by

A

a distinct cell cycle control system which is like a clock

44
Q

there are 4 major checkpoints in the cell cycle

A
  • G1
  • Synthesis
  • G2
  • Mpf
45
Q

two types of regulatory proteins are involved in cell cycle control

A
  • cyclins
  • protein kinases
46
Q

G1 is cell cycle

A
  • conditions in the cell favor degradation of cyclin
  • the Cdk component of the Mpf is recycled
47
Q

protein kinases

A

enzymes involved in activating or inactivating proteins by phosphorylating them

48
Q

Synthesis in cell cycle

A
  • begins in late S phase and continues through G2
  • cyclin molecules + recycles Cdk moles provide enough molecules of Mpf to pass the G2 checkpoint and initiate mitosis
49
Q

Mpf in cell cycle

A
  • promotes mitosis by phosphorylating various proteins
  • peaks during metaphase
50
Q

G1 in cell cycle

A
  • cell enters G1 phase as Mpf is degraded and terminates the M phase during anaphase
51
Q

Phosphorylation cascade

A
  1. Cylin accumulates in G2
  2. Cyclin combines with Cdk forming active Mpf
  3. Mpf is invloed in phophorylation reactions, the resultant proteins initiate mitosis
52
Q

in density- dependent inhibition

A

crowded cells stops dividing

53
Q

cancer cells

A

exhibit neither density- dependent inhibition nor anchorage dependence

54
Q

animal cell exhibit anchorage dependence which means …

A

they must be attached to a substratum to divide

55
Q

cancer cells do not…

A

respond normally to the body’s control mechanisms and form tumors

56
Q
A

bio ch 12 (3 decks)

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