Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Dev Psy Test 4 > Ch. 11 Self and Social Understanding > Flashcards

Ch. 11 Self and Social Understanding Flashcards

1
Q

Define Social Cognition- what does this help children understand?

Why is Social Cognition seen as complex?

A

Thinking of self and others… this dev. allows children to understand their environment.

Social cog- more complex than non-social, because other people’s behaviors are harder to predict and is not concrete because they’re not observable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Rooting shows an example of what in babies?

A

They don’t react to their own touch which shows they’re self-aware.

Infants can sense they’re diff than their environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define Newborn Intermodal perception.

A

Simultaneous things like seeing lips moving and hearing voice.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When does self-recognition emerge? What do they do when they realize their own physical self?

A

Age 2

Child will refer to themselves by name and point to themselves in a photo.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When do babies have body self-awareness?

A

Older toddlers-18-24 months.

Realize body can serve as an obstacle. I need to move to get to the toy!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does Scale errors refer to?

A

A baby’s lack perception of their own body… like not realizing they can’t fit somewhere.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define and provide examples for each of the following:

CATEGORICAL, REMEMBERED, AND ENDURING SELF

A
  • Categorical- classify self and others by: “baby” “boy” “big” “I good girl”
  • Remembered- Autobiographical memories; “Life story”
  • Enduring- A view of self as persisting over time. 4 year olds will know they’re in a video,
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What helps to develop a sense of self at age 2?

A

Language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does mirror-recognition predict?

A

Predicts personal pronouns like “me” “mine” and Make-believe play.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is inner self referring to for 2 year olds?

A

Private thoughts and imaginings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Children’s dev. of theory of mind contributes to perspective taking- define it.

A

Imagining what others are thinking aside from own viewpoint.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

At what age can children start to grasp OTHER people’s emotions and desires?

A

2-3 = other’s desires grasped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Desire theory of mind refers to?

A

They realize people act within desires, but fail to realize less obvious things like beliefs which also affect behavior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Belief- Desire theory of mine, and when does it emerge?

A

Around 4, they realize beliefs and desires can determine behaviors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is false-belief?

What does mastery of false belief signal in development?

A

Doesn’t represent reality.

It signals a change in representation- ability to view beliefs are interpretations of reality.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Second-Order beliefs? It is synonymous to __________ thought.

A

Ability to see perspective from at least 2 different sources simultaneously, or Recursive thought.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define self- concept:

A

Concept of own belief’s, attitudes, values to define who we are.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the developments of self-descriptions for the following ages:

1-2 years -
3-5 - *tommy is…
6-10 -
11 and up-

A

1-2 years - physical awareness

3-5 - observable characteristics and describe themselves as physical and belongings… emotions and attitudes..
“I’m Tommy, I’m 4 years old, I’m happy when I play”

6-10 - emphasize competencies positive and negative and also compare themselves to others judging…

11 and up- organized self-concept system and social comparisons
>generalizations that contradict because of our bigger world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the main points about Autism?

A
  • Have hard time picking up social cues like nonverbal communication
  • Research suggests impairments in social awareness, flexible thinking
  • Amygdala and emotional differences
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define self-esteem.

What does this affect?

A
  • Overall judgements and feelings of self-worth

- It affects long term psychological adjustment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do westerners self-esteem usually depend on?

A

Academic competence
Social
Physical athletic
Physical appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does age influence self-esteem?

A

It increases with age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does culture affect self-esteem?

A

Chinese cultures don’t really value individuality due to their collectivist practice and praise others than themselves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Sociologist George Mead characterized the self as what?

A

Generalized other- what we imagine important people in our lives think of us.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How can we all have better self- esteem?

A

We can realistically evaluate our own characteristics and have self acceptance and respect.

26
Q

T or F? Overly indulgent and tolerant parents promote high self-esteem.

A

True, but it can inflate their superiority, therefore their self-esteem can drop sharply because of their comparisons to others. *Narcissistic

27
Q

What does Attributions mean?

A

It is our common explanation for causes of behaviors like “Why did I or they do that?”

28
Q

What are the 2 types of Attributions, and their 2 subtypes?

A

External (environmental) and Internal (psychological) causes.

Ability and Effort.

29
Q

Why is it suspected that some children take more initiative when faced with obstacles, while others give up so easily?

A

These children are achievement motivated and persist at challenging tasks.

30
Q

Why are preschoolers labeled Learning Optimists?

A

They rate their own abilities very high while underestimating the difficulty of a task.

31
Q

Describe Mastery-oriented Attributions (achievement motivation) and its connection to Incremental view of ability.

A

Those who are high in achievement motivation credit their success to Ability because they can improve these if they work hard.

The belief that they can improve with effort causes them to attribute negative factors to something that can be changed. It’s a good thing.

32
Q

What is Learned Helplessness and Entity view of ability?

A

Attributing FAILURES to ability, not their successes.

They conclude that external events like luck is responsible for their success.

Entity view of ability”
They believe things can’t be improved.

33
Q

What type of goals do Mastery-oriented children focus on? Define this goal.

A

Learning goal- they seek to learn how to improve their abilities through effort so their performance increases over time.

34
Q

What type of goals do Learned Helplessness children focus on? Define this goal.

A

Performance goals- only wanting to have positive evaluations and avoiding neg. of the fragile sense of their abilities.

35
Q

What is trait statements and how can it be bad even though it might be a positive statement like “you’re so smart!”

A

It encourages children to adopt an entity view of ability, which leads them to question their competence in face of setbacks.

36
Q

According to Erikson, what is Identity?

What are the 2 things that are key to building identity?

A

It is the definition of who we are, what we value, our direction.

Commitments and Explorations are key to building identity.

37
Q

What can attribution retraining do for children?

A

It can help learned helpless children to believe that failure can be overcome with effort.

38
Q

Identity Moratorium

A

Exploration without reaching committment - “holding off”

39
Q

Identity Diffusion

A

Apathetic state by lack of exploration and committment

40
Q

Harry was asked about his attitude toward gender roles. He responded with “doesn’t make a difference to me…” What type of identity status is he in?

A

Identity Diffusion

41
Q

When Tommy was asked if he ever had doubts about his religious beliefs, he responded “yes, I’m going through that now. I don’t know how there could be so much evil and God”

A

Identity Moratorium

42
Q

When asked about Dick’s political preference, he stated “well our family has pretty much agreement on these things.” Is an example of what type of identity status?

A

Foreclosure

43
Q

Who would use information-gathering cognitive style to make personal decisions and problem-solving?

A

Identity-achieved… they also critically reflect and revise their views.

44
Q

What type of cognitive style do foreclosed teenagers take?

A

Dogmatic, inflexible- internalizing their parents and others without evaluating their own ideas.

45
Q

What type of cognitive style do diffused teenagers take?

A

diffuse-avoidant- avoid dealing with personal problems and allow situations to dictate their reactions.

“I don’t care” followers and short-term gratitude.

These teenagers are mostly at risk for depression and suicide because their sense of apathy is really hopelessness of the future.

46
Q

How would a young child, a middle childhood child, and later child describe someone else when using “Person perception?”

Define it.

A

Person perception refers to a child who might describe others as they would describe themselves.

Young children will focus on concrete activities, behaviors, and common emotions.

At around 8, they mention personality traits like “he’s always fighting with people”.

Later children use vague traits like “honest” “Trustworthy”

47
Q

When do children validate stereotypes?

A

When an adult or authority figure validates status hierarchy like racism or sexism, then children form bias attitudes.

48
Q

What is the difference between in-group and out-group prejudice?

A
  • In group favoritism - ethnocentricism and develop neg. evaluations of other groups
  • Out-group bias - our groups better the other groups not good
49
Q

What are examples of restricted exploration?

A

sexuality repression from society and religion. and unresolved conflicts with family.

50
Q

What is the leading cause of death for u.s youth?

A

suicide

51
Q

Who is more likely to commit suicide, girls or boys?

who is more succesful? why do you think that is?

A

girls- but boys are more successful. It could be due to intolerance for males not succeeding in killing themselves- sad!

52
Q

how many more times is the LGBT community more likely to commit suicide?

A

3x… :(

53
Q

What are 4 suicide preventions?

A

Suicide prevention

  • aware and warning signs
  • provide adult and peer support
  • teach coping strategies
  • be kind to everyone because you don’t know what they’re going through
54
Q

What are the 3 interventions for suicide?

A
  • Medicine
  • Therapy
  • Hospitalization
55
Q

Children with Difficult Peer Relations have what type of experiences?

A

-Biased expectations
-Attend selectively to social cues
-Misinterpretation
Social goals lead to relationship damage.

56
Q

How do racial and ethnic bias vary depending on which personal and situational factors?

A
  • Fixed view of personality traits: if children view personality traits as fixed, they may view people as “good or bad”. Ex) “that new kid is spreading lies trying to get them to like him… he’s a bad kid!”
  • Overly high self-esteem (in-group favoritism): Narcissistic and belittle people
  • Social worldview which sorts ppl into groups: Adults distinguish, children emulate. Any little thing a minority does might be perceived as bad behavior.
57
Q

What is out-group favoritism?

A

Ethnic minority children unfortunately show the reverse pattern of whites- they assign positive traits to the privileged ethnic majority and negative traits to themseves

58
Q

When do both majority and minority children start expressing in-group favoritism?

A

Around 7-8- white’s out-group prejudice declines

59
Q

white children’s prejudice might decline, but what could be a cause?

A

they realize it’s inappropriate- although they may still be prejudice

60
Q

What are some factors that contribute to Children’s Theory of Mind?

A

Language and Verbal reasoning- the Pre-frontal cortex is a contributer to theory of mind development.

Executive function- ability to inhibit, plan, and adaptable thinking predict false-belief tasks.

Security of attachment and maternal mind-mindness- telling a child “you really like that swing!” or think, know; etc helps children see a diff. perspective.

Make-believe play- as children act out roles, they express thoughts and emotions and portray implications. Helps them to be aware of belief influencing behavior.

Social interaction- having older siblings tend to affect awareness of false belief

61
Q

When do babies realize their bodies can serve as an obstacle?

A

18-24 months

62
Q

What is achievement motivation?

A

ability to persist at challenging tasks.

Dev Psy Test 4 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions