CH 11 (JK)

Question 1

What are the 6 rights of medication administration?

Answer 1

Right Patient, right drug, right dose, right route, right time, right documentation

Question 2

What is included for the proper documentation of medication administration?

Answer 2

Name of the drug
Dose
Time administered
Route
Name of the person who administered
Response

Question 3

Define medical asepsis

Answer 3

The practice of preventing contamination of the patient by using aseptic techniques

Question 4

Minimum BSI precautions for starting an IV

Answer 4

Gloves, protective eyewear

Question 5

Most common route for disease transmission

Answer 5

Accidental needlesticks

Question 6

What is the cell membrane made of and what are unique characteristics of that membrane?

Answer 6

Phospholipid bilayer, allowance for selective permeability

Question 7

Total body water % of an adult

Answer 7

60%

Question 8

Intracellular fluid as % of body weight

Answer 8

45%

Question 9

Extracellular fluid is divided into what 2 types and what % of bodyweight.

Answer 9

Interstitial 10.5%, Intravascular 4.5%, Extracellular 15%

Question 10

Define solution

Answer 10

Fluids in the body composed of dissolved elements and water

Question 11

Define solvent

Answer 11

Fluid that does the dissolving, or the solution that contains the dissolved components

Question 12

Defined solute

Answer 12

Dissolved particles contained in the solvent

Question 13

Electrolytes are also called…
Singly charged they are called…
With double charges they are called…

Answer 13

Ions
monovalent
bivalent

Question 14

The principle extracellular cation needed to regulate the distribution of water throughout the body

Answer 14

Na+

“water follows sodium”

Question 15

This electrolyte is primarily found intracellularly and plays a major role in neuromuscular function

Answer 15

K+

Question 16

What can hypokalemia lead to?

Answer 16

GI disturbances, decreased skeletal muscle function and dysrhythmias

Question 17

What can hyperkalemia lead to?

Answer 17

Hyperstimulation of cell transmission and cardiac arrest

Question 18

Principal cation needed for bone growth?

Answer 18

Ca++

Question 19

What can hypocalcemia lead to?

Answer 19

Overstimulation of nerve cells, skeletal muscle cramps, abdominal cramps, carpo-pedal spasms, hypertension, and vasoconstriction

Question 20

What can hypercalcemia lead to?

Answer 20

Decreased stimulation of nerve cells, skeletal muscle weakness, lethargy, ataxia, vasodilation, and flush skin

Question 21

What electrolyte is the primary buffer that determines difference between metabolic acidosis or alkalosis

Answer 21

HCO3- (bicarbonate)

Question 22

Electrolyte that primarily regulates the pH of the stomach

Answer 22

Chloride

Question 23

Concentration gradient

Answer 23

Tendency for materials to flow from an area of high concentration to low concentration. Can be chemical or electrical.

Question 24

Diffusion

Answer 24

The process of compounds or charges concentrated on one side of the membrane move across to an area of low concentration

Question 25

Type of diffusion used by the kidneys

Answer 25

Filtration

Question 26

Prevents the loss of water from the kidneys by causing reabsorption into the tubules

Answer 26

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 27

Active transport and an example

Answer 27

The method used to move compounds to create or maintain an imbalance charges. Sodium potassium pump uses ATP.

Question 28

Osmosis

Answer 28

Water will flow across the membrane from the solution of lower solute concentration to the solution of higher concentration in order to equalize solute concentration

Question 29

Define tonicity

Answer 29

The concentration of sodium in a solution and the movement of water in relation to sodium levels inside and outside the cell

Question 30

How much fluid does a healthy person lose per day?

Answer 30

2-2.5 liters

Question 31

Two categories of IV solutions

Answer 31

Crystalloid solutions and colloid solutions

Question 32

What is a crystalloid solution?

Answer 32

Fluids with dissolved sugars or salts with the ability to cross cellular membranes. May interfere with hemostasis (blood clotting)

Question 33

What is a colloid solution?

Answer 33

Solution with high osmolarity that draws fluid from the interstitial intracellular compartments into the vascular compartments, but is unable to pass out of the capillary membrane

Question 34

What is the 3:1 rule of fluid replacement?

Answer 34

3 mL of isotonic crystalloid solution is needed to replace 1 mL of blood

Question 35

Three categories of tonicity and examples

Answer 35

Isotonic - .9% NaCl, LRs, same osmolarity of body fluids
Hypertonic - D5W, water is pulled from the vascular compartment and cells may swell and burst
Hypotonic - 9.0% NaCl, pulls fluid from the intracellular and interstitial compartments and into the intravascular compartment, cells may collapse, stabilizes BP

Question 36

What is special about a volutrol (burette, buretrol)?

Answer 36

Contains a 100-200ml calibrated drip chamber to allow for volume specific fluid administration for pediatric or geriatric pts. Helps avoid inadvertent fluid overload

Question 37

What location of IV cannulation may place a pt. in greater risk of venus thrombosis or pulmonary embolisms?

Answer 37

Lower extremities

Question 38

Advantages and disadvantages of butterfly needles

Answer 38

Advantage: easy, scalp veins in pecs and good for difficult geriatric veins
Disadvantages: infiltration, small gauge limits flow