CH 11 (JK) Flashcards
What are the 6 rights of medication administration?
Right Patient, right drug, right dose, right route, right time, right documentation
What is included for the proper documentation of medication administration?
Name of the drug Dose Time administered Route Name of the person who administered Response
Define medical asepsis
The practice of preventing contamination of the patient by using aseptic techniques
Minimum BSI precautions for starting an IV
Gloves, protective eyewear
Most common route for disease transmission
Accidental needlesticks
What is the cell membrane made of and what are unique characteristics of that membrane?
Phospholipid bilayer, allowance for selective permeability
Total body water % of an adult
60%
Intracellular fluid as % of body weight
45%
Extracellular fluid is divided into what 2 types and what % of bodyweight.
Interstitial 10.5%, Intravascular 4.5%, Extracellular 15%
Define solution
Fluids in the body composed of dissolved elements and water
Define solvent
Fluid that does the dissolving, or the solution that contains the dissolved components
Defined solute
Dissolved particles contained in the solvent
Electrolytes are also called…
Singly charged they are called…
With double charges they are called…
Ions
monovalent
bivalent
The principle extracellular cation needed to regulate the distribution of water throughout the body
Na+
“water follows sodium”
This electrolyte is primarily found intracellularly and plays a major role in neuromuscular function
K+
What can hypokalemia lead to?
GI disturbances, decreased skeletal muscle function and dysrhythmias
What can hyperkalemia lead to?
Hyperstimulation of cell transmission and cardiac arrest
Principal cation needed for bone growth?
Ca++
What can hypocalcemia lead to?
Overstimulation of nerve cells, skeletal muscle cramps, abdominal cramps, carpo-pedal spasms, hypertension, and vasoconstriction
What can hypercalcemia lead to?
Decreased stimulation of nerve cells, skeletal muscle weakness, lethargy, ataxia, vasodilation, and flush skin
What electrolyte is the primary buffer that determines difference between metabolic acidosis or alkalosis
HCO3- (bicarbonate)
Electrolyte that primarily regulates the pH of the stomach
Chloride
Concentration gradient
Tendency for materials to flow from an area of high concentration to low concentration. Can be chemical or electrical.
Diffusion
The process of compounds or charges concentrated on one side of the membrane move across to an area of low concentration
Type of diffusion used by the kidneys
Filtration
Prevents the loss of water from the kidneys by causing reabsorption into the tubules
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Active transport and an example
The method used to move compounds to create or maintain an imbalance charges. Sodium potassium pump uses ATP.
Osmosis
Water will flow across the membrane from the solution of lower solute concentration to the solution of higher concentration in order to equalize solute concentration
Define tonicity
The concentration of sodium in a solution and the movement of water in relation to sodium levels inside and outside the cell
How much fluid does a healthy person lose per day?
2-2.5 liters
Two categories of IV solutions
Crystalloid solutions and colloid solutions
What is a crystalloid solution?
Fluids with dissolved sugars or salts with the ability to cross cellular membranes. May interfere with hemostasis (blood clotting)
What is a colloid solution?
Solution with high osmolarity that draws fluid from the interstitial intracellular compartments into the vascular compartments, but is unable to pass out of the capillary membrane
What is the 3:1 rule of fluid replacement?
3 mL of isotonic crystalloid solution is needed to replace 1 mL of blood
Three categories of tonicity and examples
Isotonic - .9% NaCl, LRs, same osmolarity of body fluids
Hypertonic - D5W, water is pulled from the vascular compartment and cells may swell and burst
Hypotonic - 9.0% NaCl, pulls fluid from the intracellular and interstitial compartments and into the intravascular compartment, cells may collapse, stabilizes BP
What is special about a volutrol (burette, buretrol)?
Contains a 100-200ml calibrated drip chamber to allow for volume specific fluid administration for pediatric or geriatric pts. Helps avoid inadvertent fluid overload
What location of IV cannulation may place a pt. in greater risk of venus thrombosis or pulmonary embolisms?
Lower extremities
Advantages and disadvantages of butterfly needles
Advantage: easy, scalp veins in pecs and good for difficult geriatric veins
Disadvantages: infiltration, small gauge limits flow
