ch 11 (gram negative) Flashcards
1
Q
pelagibacter (alpha)
A
- most abundant in ocean
- extremely small
- advantage: low nutrient environment
- important role in earth carbon cycle
2
Q
azospirilium
A
- grow in soil, use excreted nutrients by plants
- form association with roots
- fix nitrogen
3
Q
acetobacter and glucanobacter
A
- convert ethanol to acetic acid
4
Q
ricketissia
A
- obligate intracellular parasites (grows only within a host cell)
- cause spotted fever
- R. prowazekii: epidemic typhus
- R. typhi: endemic murine typhus
- R. rickettisii: rocky spotted mountain fever
- transmitted by: insects and tick bites
5
Q
ehrlichia
A
- transmitted through tick
- cause ehrlichiosis
6
Q
caulobacter and hypomicrobium
A
- found in low nutrient aquatic environments
- form stalks and prosthecae
- reproduce via budding
7
Q
caulobacter
A
- found in oligotrophic aquatic and terrestrial habitats
- absorb nutrients released from the host cell
- attach to solid substrata with the strongest biological adhesion molecule
- reproduce by budding
- long prosthecae: improve nutrient uptake, and lack cytoplasmic components
8
Q
rhizobium and bradyrhizobium
A
- fix nitrogen in roots of leguminous plants
- common name: rhizobia
9
Q
agrobacterium
A
- plant pathogen, causes crown gall
- insert plasmid into the plant cell, inducing a tumor
10
Q
bartonella
A
- human pathogen
- B. henselae: cat scratch disease
11
Q
brucella
A
- obligate parasite of mammals, survive phagocytosis
- causes brucellosis
- important human and animal pathogen: zoonosis (undulant fever)
12
Q
nitrosomonas and nitrobacter
A
- chomoautotrophic
- uses inorganic chemicals as energy source
- uses CO2 as carbon source
13
Q
nitrification process
A
- converts ammonia (NO4+) to nitrite (NO2-) to nitrate (NO3-)
- nitrosomonas : converts ammonia to nitrite (or nitrate)
- nitrobacter: convert (oxidise) nitrite to nitrate
14
Q
wolbachia
A
- endosymbiont (lives inside) of inscets
- affect the reproduction of insects
15
Q
acidithiobacillus (beta)
A
- chemoautotrophic
- oxidize sulfur (H2S) to suflate (SO4 2-)
16
Q
spirillum
A
- found in fresh water
- move via flagella
17
Q
sphaerotilus
A
- found in fresh water and sewage
- forms sheaths for protection and nutrient gathering
18
Q
burkholderia cepcia
A
- degrade more than 100 organic compounds
- very active in recycling organic material
- plant pathogen
- became a major nosocomial pathogen
- particular problem for cystic fibrosis patients
19
Q
burkholderia pseudomallei
A
- causes meliodosis
20
Q
bortadella
A
- non-motile rod, encapsulated species
- mammalian parasite, multiply in respiratory epithelial cells
- B. pertussis: causes whooping and kennel cough
21
Q
neisseria
A
- gram negative cocci, in pairs with flattened sides (diplococci)
- oxidase and catalase the positive
- may contain capsule and fimbriae
- inhabitant of the mucous membrane in mammals
- N. gonorrhoeae: causes goborrhoeae
- N. meningitidis: causes meningococcal meningitis
22
Q
zoogloea
A
- activity of the activated sludge system
23
Q
thiotrichales (gamma)
A
- beggiatoa: filaments lack sheath, grow in aquatic sediment
chemoautotrophic, oxidize H2S to sulfur deposits internally for energy
grow in sulfide rich habitat - fracisella: F. tularensis: cause tularemia
24
Q
pseudomonadales
A
- pseudomonas
- azotobacter and azomonas
- moraxella
- acinetobacter
25
pseudomonas
- opportunistic pathogens, nosocomial infection
- metabolically diverse
- polar flagella, common in soil
- degrade a wide variety of organic molecules
- mineralization process: microbial break down of organic materials to inorganic substrates
- animal and plant pathogen
- P. aeruginosa: infection of wound and urinary tract
- spoilage of refrigerated food, can grow at 4 degree celsius
26
azotobacter and azomonas
- nitrogen fixing
- found in soil and water
27
moraxella
- M. lacunata: causes conjugivitis
28
acenitobacter
- A. baumii: respiratory pathogen, resistant to antibiotic
29
legionellales
- legionella
- coxiella
30
legionella
- L. pneumophilia
- found in streams, war-water tubes, cooling towers, air conditioner, hot tub
- intracellular pathogen of protozoa
- transmitted through aerosols
- causes legionellosis
31
coxiella
- C. brunetii
- causes Q fever, transmitted through aerosols and milk
- host range: birds, insects, fish, sheep, goat, rodents, human
32
vibrionales
- found in aquatic environments
- V. cholerae
- V. paraheamolyticus
-V . fischeri
33
V. cholerae
- causes cholera virus (toxic)
- 2 circular chromosomes
- some genes present on both chromosomes
- cholera toxic gene caused by virus (phage) integrated in chromosome 1
34
V. parahaemolyticus
- causes gastroentritis
35
V. fischeri
- found in aquatic organisms
- causes bioluminescence by luciferase enzyme
- symbiotic in fish organs
- observed in tow species of photobacterium
36
enterobacteria
- inhibit the intestinal tract
- ferment carbohydrates
- facultative anaerobes
- peritrichous flagella
37
escherichia
- E. coli
- indicator of fecal contamination and fecal testing
- foddborne disease (gastroentritis) and uniray tract infection
- inhibitant of intestinal tract of many animals
- the best studied bacterium
38
salmonella
- foodborne disease (gastroenteritis)
- 2400 seravors
- salmonella typhi causes typhoid fever
39
shigella
- bacillary dysentery
40
klebesiella
- K. pneumonia
- causes pneuomonia
41
serratia
- produces red pigment
- common cause of nosocomial infections
42
proteus
- swarming motility
- colonies form concentric rings
43
yerisinna
- forms plaque
- transmitted through fleas
44
erwina
- plant pathogen
45
enterobacter
- causes urinary tract infection
- nosocomial infection
46
cronobacter
- discovered in 2007
- causes meningitis
- found in a variety of environments and foods
47
pasteurellales
- pasteurella
-haemophilus
48
pasteurella
- pathogen of domestic animals
- P. multocida: transmitted to humans by animal bites, fowl cholera
- pasteurella haemolytica: pneumonia in cattle, sheep and goat
49
haemophilus
- requires x factor (heme), and v factor (NAD+ NADP+) in media
- H. influenza: causes meningitis in children (vaccine avilable), earache and epiglottis
50
bdellovibrio (delta)
- motile curved rods, predatory life cycle, resemble bacteriophages in many ways
- attack other gram negative bacteria
51
desulfovibrionales
- use S0 or SO4 2- as final electron acceptors instead of the O2
- found in anaerobic sediments and intestinal tracts
52
myxococcales
- myxo = mucus
- move by gliding, leaving a slime trail
- aggregate and form fruiting body containing myxospores
- micropredators or scavengers, lyse the bacteria and yeast by secreting digestive enzymes (use amino acids for N, C energy source).
53
campylobacter (epsilon)
- one polar flagellum
- C. jejuni: foodborne illness in the intestinal tract, abortions in sheep, enteritis diarehha in human
- C. fetus: reproductive diseas and abortion of sheep and cattle
septicemia and enteritis in humans
gualline barre syndrome of mimicry
54
helicobacter
- multiple flagella
- causes peptic ulcers and stomach cancer
- found in the stomach and upper intestine (at least 23 species)
- helicobacter pylori: causes peptic ulcers and gastritis
motility is important for colonization
does not grow in ph below 4.5 (urease convert urea to ammonia and CO2)
urea hydrolysis is associated with virulence
55
other G(-) bacteria
56
cyanobacteria (oxygenic photosynthetic)
- carry out oxygenic photosynthesis
- gas vesicles provide buonancy
- heterocycts for nitrogen fixing
- unicellular or filamentous
57
phylum cholorbi and chloroflexi (anoxygenic photosynthetic)
- carry out anoxygenic photosynthesis
- green sulfur: phylum chlorobi
- green nonsulfur: phylum chloroflexi
- purple sulfur and nonsulfur (photosynthetic proteobacteria)
58
chlamydiae
- no peptidoglycan in cell wall (grow intracellularly)
- obligate intracellular parasite
- chlamydia and chlamydophila:
- form elementary body infective
- chalmydia: trachoma and urethritis
- chlamydophila: respiratory psittacosis
59
phylum planctomycetes
- compartmentalized cells: anammoxome compartment (organelle)
- anammox reaction: localized anaerobic ammonia oxidation
- contribute to 70% of nitrogen cycling in ocean
- cell wall lack peptidoglycan
- genus planctomyces: attaches to surface by stalk and hold fast
- gemmata obscuriglobus: membrane around DNA like eukaryotic nucleus
60
bacteroidetes
- anaerobic and has various shapes
- bacteriodes found in the mouth and large intestine of human, and some animals and rumen of rumients
- benefit host by degrading complex CHO and extra nutrients
- 30% of bacteria in human feces
- cytophaga degrade cellulose in soil
61
fusobacteria
- anaerobic
- found in the mouth and cause dental abscesses
62
spirochetes
- coiled and move by axial filaments
- treponema: T. palledium causes syphalis
- boreilla: cuases relapsing fever and lyme disease
- leptospira: excreted in animal urine
63
dienococci
- deicoccus radiodurans:
more resistant to radiation that endospores
3-5 million rads (resistant to radiation)
isolated from ground meat, fresh water, feces, air (natural habitat is unknown)
- thermus aqauticus:
hot springs of national yellow park
source of taq polymerase
