Ch. 11: Biological Diversity

Question 1

Successional order of taxa

Answer 1

“Dumb Kings Play Chess On Fine Green Sand”

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Question 2

Characteristic of all eukaryotic cells

Answer 2

• long, linear DNA molecule packaged w/ histone proteins
• chromosomes are enclosed in nucleus
• organelles isolate metabolic activities
• when present, flagella and cilia are made of protein tubulin arranged in “9 + 2” microtubule arrays

Question 3

Characteristic of all prokaryotic cells

Answer 3

• single short, circular DNA, some cells contain plasmids in addition to the major chromosome
• no nucleus
• no organelles
• when present, flagella are made of globular protein flagellin

Question 4

Autotrophs

Answer 4

make their own food (organic molecules)
photoautotrophs use light energy and chemoautotrophs use energy obtained form inorganic substances (like in chemosynthesis_

Question 5

Heterotrophs

Answer 5

have to eat organic substances for energy

Ex. animals that eat plants/ animals, parasites that feed off host, decomposers that eat decaying matter

Question 6

3 domains of living things

Answer 6

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Question 7

Unique characteristics of bacteria

Answer 7

• bacterial cell walls made of peptidoglycan, polymer of monosaccharide w/ amino acids
• certain antibiotics disable activity of bacterial ribosomes and disrupt protein synthesis
• most numerous of all organisms, both in # and in species

Question 8

Cyanobacteria

Answer 8

photosynthetic bacteria that use chlorophyll a to capture light energy, use CO2, split H2O and release O2, just like plants
some also fix inorganic nitrogen and convert it to ammonia (NH3)

Question 9

Purple sulfur bacteria

Answer 9

photosynthetic bacteria that split H2S instead of H2O for e- and H+, and produce sulfur (S) instead of O2

Question 10

Chemoautotrophs

Answer 10

autotrophs that obtain energy from inorganic sources

some are nitrifying bacteria bc they convert nitrite to nitrate

Question 11

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Answer 11

convert N2 to NH3 through intense and energy consuming rxns.
some have mutualistic relationships w/ plants bc of this nitrogen; bacteria live in nodules (specialized structures in plant roots)

Question 12

Heterotrophic bacteria

Answer 12

obtain carbon and energy from organic molecules
parasites, pathogens, decomposers
may form mutualistic relationship w/ host like digestive bacteria

Question 13

Quorum sensing, Biofilm

Answer 13

to evaluate local density of bacteria, bacteria cooperate by releasing signaling molecules, which can attract more bacteria
when bacteria respond and aggregate, form biofilms: dense pop. of bacteria linked by adhesive proteins; Ex. dental plaque

Question 14

Unique characteristics of archaea

Answer 14

• archaeal cell walls contain various polysaccharides but not peptidoglycan (like bacteria), cellulose (plants) or chitin (fungi)
• have different phospholipids in membranes
• may be extremophiles (v hot, acidic, v salty)

Question 15

How are archaea and eukaryotes similar?

Answer 15

• antibiotics don’t work on both archaea and eukarya

- introns present in genes of eukaryotes and some archaea, but absent in bacteria

Question 16

4 kingdoms of eukaryotes

Answer 16

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Question 17

Protist kindgom characteristics

Answer 17

• wide variety and w/ weak/ poorly understood evolutionary relationships so this kingdom is artificial and used mainly for convenience
• features shared by 2+ groups may be ex. of convergent evolution

Question 18

Groupings of protists

Answer 18

• Algae-like (plant like): photosynthesize, mainly using chlorophyl a
• Protozoa (animal like): heterotrophs that consume either living cells or dead matter
• Fungus like: resemble fungi bc they form either filaments or spore-bearing bodies similar to fungi

Question 19

Plasmodial slime molds

Answer 19

group of fungus like protists wherein spores germinate into cells which feed on organic matter, when food is scarce, cells group into a single “slug” unit (cAMP signal) which in time releases spores to repeat the cycle

Question 20

Fungi kingdom characteristics

Answer 20

• grow as filaments called hyphae, whose mass is called mycelia
• cell walls consist of chitin (nitrogen-containing polysaccharide)
• most either parasites or decomposers while some form mutualistic relationships (mycorrhizae, lichen)

Question 21

Mycorrhizae

Answer 21

mutualistic associations between fungi and plants
fungus grows on roots of plants to facilitate movement of water and minerals into plant, in exchange, plant provides sugars to fungus

Question 22

Lichens

Answer 22

mutualistic associations between fungi and algae
alga provides sugar from photosynthesis and fungus provides water and protection from environment, some also shielding algae from UV radiation

Question 23

Plant kingdom characteristics

Answer 23

• all plants are multicellular
• all plants are autotrophic
• all plants are rooted in the ground

Question 24

Animal kingdom characteristics

Answer 24

• all animals are multicellular
• all animals are heterotrophic
• the dominant generation in life cycle of animals is diploid generation
• most animals are motile during some part of their life cycle