Ch. 11 Flashcards by Ashley Mahaffey

In late adulthood, there is a loss of _____ and _____.

A. Height and weight
B. Muscle and bone
C. Bone and fat
D. Muscle and fat

B. Muscle and bone

Reference page 130

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_________ encompasses the physical changes that occur from the prenatal period through older adulthood.

Growth

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_________ refers to the biological, cognitive, and socioemotional changes that begin at conception and continue throughout a lifetime.

Development

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True or false:
Older adults demonstrate cognitive development, but do not perform as well as young adults in speedy information processing.

True

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A child that does not start walking until 20 months may experience delayed _____.

A. Fine motor skills
B. Gross motor skills
C. Cognitive functioning

B. Gross motor skills

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___ development is how our physical bodies grow and change.

A. Cognitive
B. Moral
C. Biophysical
D. Psychoanalytical/psychosocial

C. Biophysical

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____ describes the sequence in which growth is fastest at the top.

A. Proximodistal growth
B. Cephalocaudal pattern

B. Cephalocaudal pattern

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____ starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities.

A. Proximodistal growth
B. Cephalocaudal pattern

A. Proximodistal growth

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Genetic growth is only maximized if ____ conditions are adequate.

A. Socioeconomic
B. Environmental
C. Physical
D. Emotional

B. Environmental

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____ development theory explains development as primarily unconscious and influenced by emotion.

A. Cognitive
B. Moral
C. Biophysical
D. Psychoanalytical/psychosocial

D. Psychoanalytical/psychosocial

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According to Freud’s psychoanalytical model of personality development, how many stages of psychosexual development does each individual go through?

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According to freud’s psychoanalytical model of personality development, each stage of psychosexual development is characterized by sexual pleasure in which parts of the body? (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY)

A. Anus
B. The genitals
C. The mouth
D. The breasts
E. The eyes

A. Anus
B. The genitals
C. The mouth

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According to Freud, when is the oral pleasure stage?

A. Birth to 12-18 months
B. 12-18 months to 3 years
C. 3 to 6 years
D. 6 to 12 years
E. Puberty through adulthood

A. Birth to 12-18 months

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According to Freud, when does the anal pleasure stage occur?

A. Birth to 12-18 months
B. 12-18 months to 3 years
C. 3 to 6 years
D. 6 to 12 years
E. Puberty through adulthood

B. 12-18 months to 3 years

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According to Freud, when does the phallic or Oedipal stage occur?

A. Birth to 12-18 months
B. 12-18 months to 3 years
C. 3 to 6 years
D. 6 to 12 years
E. Puberty through adulthood

C. 3 to 6 years

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___ ___ is when a girl becomes aware of the absence of the penis.

Penis envy

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According to Freud, when does the latency stage occur?

A. Birth to 12-18 months
B. 12-18 months to 3 Years
C. 3 to 6 years
D. 6 to 12 years
E. Puberty through adulthood

D. 6 to 12 years

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According to Freud, when does the genital pleasure stage occur?

A. Birth to 12-18 months
B. 12-18 months to 3 years
C. 3 to 6 years
D. 6 to 12 years
E. Puberty through adulthood

E. Puberty through adulthood

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What are the three components of human personality development, according to Freud?

The id, the ego, and the superego

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The ___ is the basic instinctual impulses driven to achieve pleasure.

A. The id
B. The ego
C. The superego

A. The id

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The ___ represents the reality component, mediating conflicts between the environment and the forces of the id.

A. The id
B. The ego
C. The superego

B. The ego

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The ____ performs regulating, restraining, and prohibiting actions.

A. The id
B. The ego
C. The superego

C. The superego

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True or false

The ego is often referred to as the conscience.

False, the SUPER ego is often referred to as the conscience.

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Erik Erikson believed that development was focused on ___ stages, while Sigmund Freud believed that development was focused on ___ stages.

A. Psychosexual, psychosocial
B. Psychosocial, psychosexual

B. Psychosocial, psychosexual

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According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, how many stages of life exist?

8 Reference page 132

Who's theory states "individuals need to accomplish a particular task before successfully mastering the stage and progressing to the next one?" A. Freud B. Erikson C. Piaget D. Kohlberg

B. Erikson Reference page 132

Which Erikson stage? From birth to 1 year. Establishing a basic sense of trust is essential for the development of a healthy personality. A. Autonomy vs. sense of shame and doubt B. Trust vs. mistrust C. Initiative vs. guilt

B. Trust vs. mistrust Reference page 132

Which Erikson stage? 1 to 3 years. Has accomplished activities such as walking, feeding, and toileting. Mastery of this stage leads to self-control and willpower. A. Industry vs. inferiority B. Initiative vs. guilt C. Autonomy vs. sense of shame and doubt

C. Autonomy vs. sense of shame and guilt Reference page 132

Which Erikson stage? 3 to 6 years. Developing their superego. Conflicts occur between the child's desire to explore and the limits placed on his or her behavior. Fantasy and imagination allow for the exploration of their environment. A. Trust vs. mistrust B. Initiative vs. guilt C. Industry vs. inferiority

B. Initiative vs. guilt Reference page 132

Which Erikson stage? 6 to 11 years. Children are eager to apply themselves. They thrive on accomplishments and praise. They learn to work and play with peers. A. Intimacy vs. isolation B. Integrity vs. despair C. Industry vs. inferiority D. Identity vs. role confusion

C. Industry vs. inferiority Reference page 132

Which Erikson stage? Puberty. Preoccupied with appearance and body image. Results in devotion and fidelity to others and their own ideals. A. Identity vs. role confusion B. Trust vs. mistrust C. Intimacy vs. isolation D. Generative vs. self absorption and stagnation

A. Identity vs. role confusion Reference page 132

Which Erikson stage? Young adult. Deepened capacity to love others and care for them. Search for meaningful friendships and intimate relationships. A. Identity vs. role confusion B. Intimacy vs. isolation C. Integrity vs. despair D. Generative vs. self-absorption and stagnation

B. Intimacy vs. isolation Reference page 132

Which Erikson stage? Middle age. Need to contribute to future generations. Results in caring for others as a basic strength. A. Identity vs. role confusion B. Intimacy vs. isolation C. Integrity vs. despair D. Generativity vs. self-absorption and stagnation

D. Generativity vs. self-absorption and stagnation Reference page 132

Which Erikson stage? Old age. Engage in a review of life. Sense of satisfaction. External and internal struggles are a factor. A. Trust vs. mistrust B. Initiative vs. guilt C. Integrity vs. despair D. Generativity vs. self-absorption and stagnation

C. Integrity vs. despair Reference page 132

According to Chess and Thomas, what are the three basic childhood temperaments?

The easy child The difficult child The slow-to-warm up child Reference page 133

MATCH: 1. Highly active, irritable, and irregular in habits 2. Easygoing and even-tempered 3. Typically reacts negatively and with mild intensity to new stimuli A. The easy child B. The difficult child C. The slow-to-warm up child

1. B 2. A 3. C Reference page 133

Which theorist was most interested in how children think, reason, and perceive the world? A. Erikson B. Freud C. Piaget D. Kohlberg

C. Piaget Reference page 134

Which Piaget period? Birth to 2 years Infants develop scheme to deal with their environment. Children learn about self and their environment through motor and reflex actions. Understand object permanence. A. Preoperational B. Sensorimotor C. Formal operations D. Concrete operations

B. Sensorimotor Reference page 134

Which Piaget period? 2 to 7 years. Egocentrism (only one point of view). Animism (personifying inanimate objects). Greatly influenced by fantasy. A. Preoperational B. Sensorimotor C. Formal operations D. Concrete operations

A. Preoperational Reference page 134

Which Piaget period? 7 to 11 years. Perform mental operations. Multiple point of views. Reversibility (back trace from end to beginning). Understand different sizes, shapes, weight, lengths of objects. A. Preoperational B. Sensorimotor C. Formal operations D. Concrete operations

D. Concrete operations Reference page 134

Which Piaget period? 11 years to adulthood. Self-conscious. Reasoning with respect to possibilities. "End of cognitive development." A. Preoperational B. Sensorimotor C. Formal operations D. Concrete operations

C. Formal operations Reference page 134

The fifth stage of cognitive development, ____ ____, is when adults demonstrate the ability to recognize that answers vary from situation to situation and that solutions need to be sensible.

Postformal thought Reference page 134

What are the three levels of moral development, according to Kohlberg?

Preconventional reasoning, conventional reasoning, postconventional reasoning. Reference page 135

Which Kohlberg level? Children ask "why?" Children view illness as punishment for wrongdoings. Moral reasoning relates to perceived consequences. A. Conventional reasoning B. Preconcentional reasoning C. Postconventional reasoning

B. Preconventional reasoning Reference page 135

Which Kohlberg stage? "I must follow the rules; otherwise I will be punished." Physical consequences guide right and wrong choices. A. Good boy-nice girl orientation B. Society-maintaining orientation C. Punishment and obedience orientation

C. Punishment and obedience orientation Reference page 135

Which Kohlberg stage? Recognize that there is more than one right view. Make decisions based on one's own needs. A. Society-maintaining orientation B. Social contract orientation C. Universal ethical principle orientation D. Instrumental relativist orientation

D. Instrumental relativist orientation Reference page 135

Which Kohlberg level? People ask "how will it affect my relationships with others?" Moral reasoning is based on internalization of societal and others' expectations. A. Conventional reasoning B. Preconventional reasoning C. Postconventional reasoning

A. Conventional reasoning Reference page 135

Which Kohlberg stage? Wants to win approval and maintain expectations. "Being good" is important. A. Society-maintaining orientation B. Good boy-nice girl orientation C. Social contract orientation D. Universal ethical principle orientation

B. Good boy-nice girl orientation Reference page 135

Which Kohlberg stage? Focus on societal concerns rather than individual relationships. Make moral decisions (rather than fear of being caught, they know right from wrong). A. Society-maintaining orientation B. Good boy-nice girl orientation C. Social contract orientation D. Universal ethical principle orientation

A. Society-maintaining orientation Reference page 135

Which Kohlberg level? A person find a balance between basic human rights and obligations and societal rules. A. Conventional reasoning B. Preconventional reasoning C. Postconventional reasoning

C. Postconventional reasoning Reference page 136

Which Kohlberg stage? Focuses on how to change laws to improve society. Believes all social groups would agree on basic rights (like liberty and life). A. Society-maintaining orientation B. Good boy-nice girl orientation C. Social contract orientation D. Universal ethical principle orientation

C. Social contract orientation Reference page 136

Which Kohlberg stage? Defines "right" by the decision of conscience in accord with self-chosen ethical principles. Unjust laws can be disobeyed. A. Society-maintaining orientation B. Good boy-nice girl orientation C. Social contract orientation D. Universal ethical principle orientation

D. Universal ethical principle orientation Reference page 136

Which theorist and stage would best describe the time in the development process when sexual urges from the earlier stage are repressed and channeled into productive activities that are socially acceptable? A. Gesell's Gene Theory B. Freud's Anal Stage C. Freud's Latency Stage D. Piaget's Concrete Period

C. Freud's Latency Stage

Which is the correct order for Freud's psychoanalytical model of personality development? A. Genital, phallic, anal, oral B. Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital C. Trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame, identity vs. inferiority D. Oral, anal, phallic, genital, latency

B. Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Which theory of development focuses on the role of gene activity in development? A. Erikson B. Kohlberg C. Piaget D. Gesell

D. Gesell

Which theory/stage states that when wears unable to establish relationships, rejection and disappointment occur? A. Erikson/identity vs. role confusion B. Piaget/intimacy vs. isolation C. Erikson/intimacy vs. isolation D. Gesell/conventional level

C. Erikson/intimacy vs. isolation

Which theorist states that genes direct the sequence of development? ``` A. Kohlberg B. Gesell C. Freud D. Piaget E. Erikson ```

B. Gesell

Which theorist states that individuals go through five stages of psychosexual development? ``` A. Kohlberg B. Gesell C. Freud D. Piaget E. Erikson ```

C. Freud

Which theorist includes eight stages from trust vs. mistrust to integrity vs. despair? ``` A. Kohlberg B. Gesell C. Freud D. Piaget E. Erikson ```

E. Erikson

Which theorist includes sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, and formal operations? ``` A. Kohlberg B. Gesell C. Freud D. Piaget E. Erikson ```

D. Piaget

Which theorist includes preconventional, conventional, and postconventional reasoning? ``` A. Kohlberg B. Gesell C. Freud D. Piaget E. Erikson ```

A. Kohlberg