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Elements Of Weather > Ch 11 & 12 & 13 > Flashcards

Ch 11 & 12 & 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Tropical Cyclone

A

warm-core non-frontal synoptic-scale cyclone, originating over tropical or subtropical waters, with organized deep convection and a closed surface wind circulation about a well-defined center

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2
Q

How is Topical Cyclone Maintained?

A

extraction of heat energy from the ocean at high temperature and heat export at the low temperatures of the upper troposphere

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3
Q

Tropical Depression

A

topical cyclone in which the maximum sustained surface wind speed is 38 mph or less

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4
Q

Tropical Storm

A

tropical cyclone in which the maximum sustained surface wind speed ranges from 39 mph to 73 mph

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5
Q

Hurricane

A

tropical cyclone in which the maximum sustained surface wind is 74 mph or more

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6
Q

Hurricanes Cylones and Typhoones are all

A

the same weather phenomenon only difference is the location where the storm occurs

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7
Q

Hurricanes, Cylones, and Typhoons are all

A

the same weather phenomenon only difference is the location where the storm occurs

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8
Q

Atlantic and Northeast Pacific

A

“hurricane”

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9
Q

Northwest Pacific

A

“Typhoon”

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10
Q

South Pacific and Indian Ocean

A

“Cyclones”

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11
Q

The Eye

A

hurricane’s center is relatively calm, generally clear area of sinking air and light winds that usually do not exceed 15 mph and is typically 20-40 miles across
-develops when winds exceed 74 mph and is the calmest part of the storm

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12
Q

The EyeWall

A
  • where the strong wind gets as close as it can
  • consists of a ring of tall thunderstorms that produce heavy rains and usually the strongest winds
  • changes in the structure of the eye and the eyewall can cause changes in the wind speed, which is an indicator of the storm’s intensity
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13
Q

Rainbands

A

curved bands of clouds ad thunderstorms that trail away from the eye wall in a spiral fashion
bands are capable of producing heavy bursts of rain and wind, as well as tornadoes
there are sometimes gaps in between spiral and rain bands where no rain or wind is found

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14
Q

Rainbands

A

curved bands of clouds ad thunderstorms that trail away from the eye wall in a spiral fashion
bands are capable of producing heavy bursts of rain and wind, as well as tornadoes
there are sometimes gaps in between spiral and rain bands where no rain or wind is found

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15
Q

Hurricane Formation

A

1) warm water
2) moist air
3) converging winds

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16
Q

Process of Hurricane

A
  • begins with cluster of thunderstorms moving across the surface of the ocean
  • when the surface water is warm, the storm sucks up heat energy from the water
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17
Q

Process of Hurricane

A
  • begins with cluster of thunderstorms moving across the surface of the ocean
  • when the surface water is warm, the storm sucks up heat energy from the water
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18
Q

Hurricane Decay

A

when. .
- move over ocean waters that cannot supply warm, moist tropical air
- move onto land
- reach a location where the large-scale flow aloft is unfavorable

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19
Q

Names of tropical storms

A

maintained and updated through a strict procedure by an international committee of the World Meteorological Organization

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20
Q

Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale (SSHS)

A

classifies hurricanes-Western Hemisphere tropical cyclones that exceed the intensities of tropical depressions and tropical storms- into five categories distinguished by the intensities of their sustained winds

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21
Q

Storm Surge

A

rapid rise in the elvel of water that moves onto land as the eye of the storm makes landfall;; the stronger the hurricane, the greater the storm urge

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22
Q

Wind Damage

A

winds of a hurricane range from 74 mph in a minimal storm to greater than 155 mph in a catastrophic one;; accurate readings of high wind gusts during landfall are difficult to obtain because anemometers at reporting stations can be ripped from their foundations

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23
Q

Wind Damage

A

winds of a hurricane range from 74 mph in a minimal storm to greater than 155 mph in a catastrophic one;; accurate readings of high wind gusts during landfall are difficult to obtain because anemometers at reporting stations can be ripped from their foundations

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24
Q

heavy Rainfall Induced Flooding

A

heavy rains associated with a tropical weather system are responsible not only for major flooding in areas where the storm initially strikes, but also can affect areas hundred of miles from where the storm originally made landfall

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25
Q

Storm Surge

A

rapid rise in the level of water that moves onto land as the eye of the storm makes landfall;; the stronger the hurricane, the greater the storm urge

  • -greatest threat to life and property from a hurricane
  • -can cause extreme flooding in coastal areas
26
Q

Wind Damage

A
27
Q

heavy Rainfall Induced Flooding

A

heavy rains associated with a tropical weather system are responsible not only for major flooding in areas where the storm initially strikes, but also can affect areas hundred of miles from where the storm originally made landfall

28
Q

factors impacting surge

A

water pushed toward the shore by the force of the winds moving cyclonically around the storm
the impact on surge of the low pressure associated with intense storms is minimal in comparisons to the water being forced toward the shore by the wind

29
Q

Estimating the Intensity of a hurricane

A

difficult because direct surface observations in the eye wall are rarely available;; one of the best ways to estimate surface intensity if to adjust the wind speeds measured by reconnaissance aircraft

30
Q

Global Positioning System (GPS) dropwindsonde

A

instrument package is released from an aircraft and falls through the storm via a parachute making and transmitting measurements of temperature, pressure, winds, and humidity every half-second

31
Q

Numerical Weather Prediction

A

forecasting by computer

32
Q

why don’t hurricanes develop on or near the equator?

A

because the Coriolis force is to weak within 5 degrees of the equator

33
Q

What is the primary source of energy that fuels a hurricane and keeps it going?

A

heat energy fuels storm

34
Q

why is the eye region of a hurricane largely free of precipitation and clouds?

A

sinking air motion

35
Q

The ___ scale is used to establish categories of hurricane intensity

A

Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale (SSHS)

36
Q

As a strong hurricane moves ashore, which of the following causes the most devastating damage in the coastal zone?

A

Storm Surge

37
Q

Which of the following data is not plotted n a weather chart?

A

? Solar radiation

38
Q

Smoke released from a stack into a very stable air mass would tend to

A

spread out horizontally but not mix up or down

39
Q

The dispersion of pollutant material into the atmosphere depends on the wind and the ____ of the air layer

A

stability

40
Q

Air pullutants

A

airborne particles and gases that occur in concentrations that endanger the health and well-being of organisms or disrupt the orderly functioning of the environment

41
Q

Primary pullutants

A

emitted directly from identifiable sources

-particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide, and lead

42
Q

Secondary pollutants

A

produced in the atmosphere when certain chemical reactions take place among primary pollutants

43
Q

Secondary pollutants

A

produced in the atmosphere when certain chemical reactions take place among primary pollutants

44
Q

Two of the most important atmospheric conditions affecting the dispersion of the pollutants are

A

strength of the wind; stability of the air

45
Q

The strength of the wind

A

strong winds blow the pollution away; the stronger the wind, the more turbulent the air, and the better the mixing of the contaminants with the wind

46
Q

The stability of the air

A

atmospheric stability determines the extent to which vertical motions will mix the pollution with the air above (most pollution occurs at the surface)

47
Q

Mixing depth

A

vertical distance between Earth’s surface and the height to which convectional movements extend
> mixing depth better the air quality

48
Q

When air is stable

A

convectional motions are suppressed and mixing depths are small

49
Q

Unstable atmosphere promotes

A

vertical air movements and greater mixing depths

50
Q

Absolute stability

A

environmental lapse rate

51
Q

Absolute stability

A

environmental lapse rate

52
Q

Absolute instability

A

environmental lapse rate> dry adiabatic rate

53
Q

Neutral stability

A

environmental lapse rate=dry-adiabatic lapse rate

54
Q

Conditional instability

A

moist air has an environmental lapse rate between the dry and wet adiabatic rates

55
Q

5 classic plume types

A
  • looping plume
  • coning plume
  • fanning plume
  • lofting
  • fumigation
56
Q

Looping plume

A
  • high degree of convective turbulence
  • superadiabatic lapse rate–strong instabilities
  • associated with clear daytime conditions accompanied by strong solar heating & light winds
  • high probability of high concentrations sporadically at ground level close to stack
  • occurs in unstable atmospheric conditions
57
Q

Coning Plume

A
  • stable with small scale turbulence
  • associated with overcast moderate to strong winds
  • roughly 10 degree cone
  • pollutants travel fairly long distances before reaching ground level in significant amounts
  • occurs in neutral atmospheric conditions
58
Q

Fanning plume

A
  • occurs under large negative lapse rate
  • strong inversion at a considerable distance above the stack
  • extremely stable atmosphere
  • little turbulence
  • if plume density is similar to air, travels downwind at approximately same elevation
59
Q

Lofting Plume

A
  • favorable in the sense that fewer impacts at ground level
  • pollutants go up into environment
  • they are created when atmospheric conditions are unstable above the plume and stable below
60
Q

Fumigation

A
  • most dangerous plume: contaminants are all coming down to ground level
  • they are created when atmospheric conditions are stable above the plume and unstable below
  • this happens most often after the daylight sun has warmed the atmosphere, which turns a night time fanning plume into fumigation for about a half hour

Elements Of Weather (6 decks)

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