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Bio 1107K > Ch. 10 Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Ch. 10 Photosynthesis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

“Self-feeders” they sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other living beings

Plants 🌱

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2
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

Unable to make their own food; live on compounds produced by other organisms “other feeder” eat living organism (plant or animal)

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3
Q

Is photosynthesis carried out by autotrophs or heterotrophs?

A

Autotrophs

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4
Q

What were the earliest organisms to carry out photosynthesis?

A

Cyanobacteria

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5
Q

What is the balanced equation for photosynthesis?

A

6 CO2 + 12 H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O + Light energy

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6
Q

Where do the reactants of photosynthesis enter plants?

A

Stomata: small openings in their leaves

Xylem cells: transport water and minerals from roots to the rest of the plant

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7
Q

Where do the products of photosynthesis exit from plants?

A

Stomata: small regulated openings in their leaves

Phloem cells: transport sugars from leaves to the rest of the plant

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8
Q

How are water and minerals transported from roots to the rest of the plant?

A

Through Xylem cells

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9
Q

How is sugar transported from leaves to the rest of the plant?

A

Through Phloem cells

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10
Q

Where in the plant does photosynthesis occur?

A

In chloroplasts, most photosynthesis takes place in leaves

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11
Q

What is the relationship between the length of a wavelength and the energy it carries?

A

Longer wavelengths have lower energy

Shorter wavelength have higher energy

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12
Q

What are pigments?

A

Pigments are molecules which absorb certain wavelengths of visible light and reflect other wavelengths

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13
Q

What are the main pigments used in photosynthesis?

A

Chlorophyll A and Chlorophyll B

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14
Q

What does an absorption spectrum show?

A

Absorption of light by chloroplast pigments (Chlorophyll A, Chlorophyll B, and Carotenoids)

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15
Q

What does an action spectrum show?

A

Rate of photosynthesis

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16
Q

What type of relationship exists between the two spectra?

A

In graph on slide 12 the rate of photosynthesis and light absorbed are low in this same area where green is and high between purple and blue

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17
Q

What is the relationship between the wavelength(s) a pigment absorbs, and the color(s) the pigment reflects?

A

Leaves appear green because chlorophyll reflects and transmits (does not absorb) green light.

18
Q

What happens when a photon of light strikes a photosynthetic pigment?

A

An electron within the molecule becomes excited (jumps up)

19
Q

What happens to the excited electron?

A

The excited electron may be passed on to another molecule or return to ground state

20
Q

What is the relationship between the light reactions and the Calvin Cycle in photosynthesis?

A

The light reactions provide ATP and NADH to the Calvin Cycle

21
Q

Understand that H atoms split to form electrons (e-) and protons (H+).

A

H gain/loss represents electron gain/loss in these oxidation-reduction reactions.

22
Q

During photosynthesis, water is oxidized and carbon dioxide is reduced. This happens through two major oxidation/reduction reactions which are…

A

During light reactions and The Calvin Cycle

23
Q

During the light reactions…

A

H2O is oxidized (O2 remains), and NADP+ is reduced (this forms NADPH)

24
Q

During the Calvin Cycle…

A

NADPH is oxidized (NADP+remain), and CO2 is reduced (this forms CH2O, a sugar) Some oxygen from the CO2 is reduced to create new H2O molecules

25
Q

What is a photosystem?

A

A light-capturing unit located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast consisting of a reaction-center complex surrounded by numerous light-harvesting complexes. There are two types of photosystems, I and II; they absorb light best at different wavelengths.

26
Q

What occurs in a photosystem?

A

A proton strikes a pigment molecule in a light-harvesting complex, the energy is passed from molecule to molecule until it reaches the reaction-center complex

27
Q

Where do the light reactions take place? Be specific.

A

Takes place in the Thylakoid inside the Chloroplast

28
Q

Photosystem II:
What molecules DIRECTLY supply the electrons which go through the electron transport chains? Be specific.

A

Water (H2O), electrons comes from the splitting of water molecule

29
Q

Photosystem II:
What replenishes the electron lost by the chlorophyll molecule in Photosystem II? Be specific

A

Electrons are replenished by H atoms from splitting of water molecules

30
Q

Photosystem II:
What happens to the energy generated when the electrons go through the electron transport chain?

A

Electrons are passed by the protein in the membrane and they give off energy (ATP)

31
Q

Photosystem II
From where are the protons pumped? Where are they pumped to? And, where do they diffuse back to?

A

Protons come from the H atom (hydrogen) in the splitting of water. They are pumped into the Thylakoid Space (inner thylakoid). They are diffused to the ATP synthase and back into the Calvin Cycle

32
Q

Photosystem II:
What protein molecule (enzyme) do the protons diffuse through which releases the energy to rebuild ATP?

A

ATP synthase

33
Q

Photosystem I:
What replenishes the electron lost by the chlorophyll molecule in Photosystem I? Be specific.

A

Electrons are replenished by electrons in the electron transport chain.

34
Q

Where does the Calvin Cycle take place? Be specific.

A

ATP and NADPH are produced in the stroma, where the Calvin cycle takes place

35
Q

What does “carbon fixation” mean?

A

The process by which photosynthetic organisms convert inorganic carbon in the atmosphere into organic carbon compounds used by living organisms

36
Q

At the beginning of the Calvin Cycle, what molecule does CO2 join?

A

Ribulose biphosphate (RuBP)

37
Q

What enzyme catalyzes this reaction?

A

RuBisCO

38
Q

What two 3-carbon molecules are produced?

A

3-Phosphoglycerate

39
Q

What molecule is oxidized in order for reduction to take place? What is produced as the result of reduction?

A

NADPH is oxidized and an organic compound is reduced to form Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P), a sugar

40
Q

What sugar (carbohydrate) is produced by the cycle? How many carbons does this sugar have?

A

G3P, contains 3 carbon

41
Q

What molecule is regenerated at the end of the cycle?

A

RuBP

42
Q

What are the three phases of the Calvin Cycle?

A
  1. Carbon fixation (inorganic carbon is converted to organic carbon)
  2. Reduction (NADPH oxidized + organic compound reduced = G3P
  3. Regeneration of RuBP, the CO2 acceptor

Bio 1107K (6 decks)

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