CH 10. Hominin origins and evolution

Question 1

what is a hominin?

Answer 1

any species on the lineage leading to humans after the divergence form the lineage leading to chimpanzees

Question 2

two obligate behaviors in all hominins

Answer 2

Bipedal locomotion and non honing chewing

Question 3

what did early hominins not have?

Answer 3

developed speech and tool use

Question 4

what is honing complex?

Answer 4

the teeth rub against each other to sharpen the teeth. top and bottom

Question 5

Humans vs Ape teeth

Answer 5

???

Question 6

Who has thicker enamel on their teeth?

Answer 6

Humans

Question 7

Foramen Magnum (in humans)

Answer 7

Large oval shaped opening at base of the skull, through where the spinal cord passes

Question 8

What shape spine does a human have?

Answer 8

S shaped

Question 9

Cervical vertebrea

Answer 9

from neck, helps rotates your head, 7 bones

Question 10

Thoracic vertebrae

Answer 10

upper back behind the rib cage, 12 bones

Question 11

Lumbar vertebrae

Answer 11

from lower back, largest, 5 bones

Question 12

Sacral Vertebrae

Answer 12

form the sacrum, 5 fused bones

Question 13

Coccyceal vertabrae

Answer 13

tailbone, 5-? bones

Question 14

what forms the inward curve

Answer 14

cervical and lumbar

Question 15

outward curve of spine?

Answer 15

thoracic

Question 16

The Ilium in the pelvis?

Answer 16

widest part of the pelvis, at the top of the pelvis

Question 17

The Ischium of the pelvis?

Answer 17

forms the lower and back part of the pelvis bone

Question 18

Pubis

Answer 18

lower and front part of the bone

Question 19

last pelvis part here

Question 20

Difference between ape and human pelvis

Answer 20

Ape’s are longer and more narrow

Question 21

What body parts are different in humans and apes

Answer 21

Foreman Magnum
Spine
Pelvis
Knees
Arm Length
Feet

Question 22

Difference between human and ape feet

Answer 22

humans have an arched foot and apes have flat feet

Question 23

Difference in human and apes big toe

Answer 23

Humans do not have an opposable big toe

Question 24

What is Charles Darwin’s Hunting Hypothesis?

Answer 24

Differences reflect shift from life in the trees to on the ground

Question 25

For reasons for Darwins Hunting Hypothesis

Answer 25

Bipedalism, Teeth, Tool use, Larger brains

Question 26

Why was Darwin's Hypothesis refuted?

Answer 26

tool use came before bipedalism

Question 27

Patchy Forest Hypothesis

Answer 27

It's more efficient to walk on two feet in certain habitats

Question 28

When did bipedalsim arise

Answer 28

5 mya

Question 29

What is the Provisioning Hypothesis?

Answer 29

Freeing of the hands to help parents better provide for their offspring Also helps with reproductive advantage Implies Monogamy

Question 30

Thermoregulatory Hypothesis

Answer 30

Bipedalism acts as a means of heat dissipation in the open savannah grasslands

Question 31

Postural Feeding Hypotheis

Answer 31

Upright posture helps apes more effectively reach hanging fruit in small trees typical in African woodland environments

Question 32

advantages to bipedalism

Answer 32

go greater distance, ease of transporting food and children,

Question 33

disadvantages of bipedalism

Answer 33

more visible to predators, risk of back injuries burden to our circulatory system risk of foot injuries